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A.  C.  QUISENBERRY. 

(Member  of  The  Filson  Club) 


FILSON     CLUB     PUBLICATIONS     No.     21 

LOPEZ'S  EXPEDITIONS 
TO  CUBA 

1850  AND  1851 

BY 

ANDERSON   C.   QUISENBERRY 

Member  of  The  Filson  Club 

Author  of  "The  Life  and  Times  of  Humphrey  Marshall,  the  Elder";   "  Revolutionary 
Soldiers  in  Kentucky";  "The  First  John  Washington  of  Virginia";   "Vir- 
ginia Troops  in  the  French  and  Indian  War";  "Genealogical  Memo- 
randa  of    the    Quisenberry    Family    and    other    Families"; 
"Memorials  of  the  Quisenberry  Family  in  Germany, 
England,  and  America";  Etc.,  Etc.,  Etc. 

READ    BEFORE  THE    CLUB    APRIL   3,    1905 

miuBtratfd 


'  In  the  beauty  of  the  lilies  Christ  was  born  across  the  sea. 
With  a  glory  in  His  bosom  that  transfigures  you  and  me; — 
As  He  died  to  make  men  holy,  let  us  die  to  make  men  free. 


LOUISVILLE,    KENTUCKY 
JOHN  P.  MORTON  &  COMPANY 

Printers  to  The  Filson  Club 
1906 


COPYRIGHT,  1906 

BV 

The  Filson  Club 


All  Rights  Reserved 


PREFACE 


THE  subjoined  account  of  General  Lopez's  expedi- 
tions to  Cuba  was  originally  prepared  as  the 
basis  of  an  historical  novel,  to  be  called  The  Strong  in 
Heart,  in  which  the  tragic  fate  of  Crittenden  and  his  men, 
and  the  dauntless  heroism  of  the  Liberators  generally,  were 
to  be  exploited ;  though  the  fictional  background  of  the 
story  was  to  be  in  Kentucky.  In  order  to  secure  a  correct 
historical  framework  for  the  proposed  novel,  it  was  neces- 
sary that  I  should  myself  prepare  a  history  of  those  ill- 
fated  expeditions  to  Cuba,  since  no  satisfactory  accounts 
of  them  were  accessible  to  me;  and  no  consecutive  account 
whatever  of  the  Bahia  Honda  Expedition  had  ever  been 
published. 

The  data  for  this  sketch  were  gathered  mainly  from 
files  of  old  newspapers,  from  the  official  reports  of  the 
United  States  Consul  at  Havana,  and  from  the  scrap- 
book  that  was  kept  by  Colonel  Crittenden's  mother,  it 
having  been  kindly  loaned  to  me  for  the  purpose  by  ex- 
Governor  Thomas  T.  Crittenden,  of  Missouri,  Colonel 
Crittenden's  brother.     The  materials  gathered  from  these 


4  Preface 

and  other  sources  were  hastih'  woven  together  in  proper 
sequence,  forming  a  narrative  which  is  now  published 
aknost  exactly  as  it  was  first  written,  though  it  was  not 
originally  intended  for  publication  in  this  form.  In  some 
instances  almost  the  very  words  of  the  disjecta  membra 
of  the  story,  as  they  appeared  in  the  old  papers  from 
which  they  were  copied,  have  been  used  in  this  sketch; 
in  which  ni}-  own  work  has  been  that  of  a  compiler  and 
an  editor,  rather  than  that  of  an  author.  I  am  indebted 
to  Doctor  Thomas  E.  Pickett,  of  Maysville,  Kentucky, 
whose  scholarly  pen  has  often  adorned  the  historic  and 
scientific  literature  of  Kentucky,  for  the  facts  which  I 
have  embodied  in  the  sketch  of  Colonel  John  T.  Pickett. 

As  I  was  constantly  engaged  with  other  matters  that 
could  not  be  neglected,  it  soon  became  apparent  that  the 
construction  by  ine  of  a  novel  along  the  lines  proposed  was 
utterly  impossible  under  the  circtmistances,  if  the  work 
was  to  do  either  the  subject  or  myself  even  the  slightest 
credit;  so  that  project  had  to  be  indefinitely  postponed, 
if  not  abandoned  altogether. 

The  subject,  merely  as  an  historical  monograph,  is 
one  capable  of  considerable  elaboration;  but  even  for 
that  I  covdd  not  find  the  time.  The  sketch  as  prepared, 
brief  and  imperfect  as  it  is,  has  apparently  not  been 
found   altogether   lacking   in    interest    and   merit  by  The 


Preface  5 

Filson  Club,  before  which  it  was  read  April  3,  1905,  and 
under  whose  kindly  auspices  it  is  now  given  to  the  world 
as  one  of  their  valuable  series  of  historical  publications. 
A  brilliant  galaxy  of  gallant  and  intrepid  young  Ken- 
tuckians,  the  more  prominent  of  whom  were  O'Hara, 
Crittenden,  Pickett,  Hawkins,  Stanford,  Ellis,  Logan, 
and  Breckenridge,  bore  the  most  conspicuous  part  in  those 
early  and  desperate  attempts  to  confer  the  boon  of  liberty 
upon  Cuba.  Then  may  it  not  be  hoped  that  some  such 
distinguished  Kentucky  author  as  James  Lane  Allen, 
or  John  Fox,  junior,  fired  with  the  State  love  that  is  the 
pride  of  every  true  Kentuckian,  may  take  upon  him- 
self the  gracious  duty  of  embalming  in  an  immortal 
romance  the  heroism  and  devotion  of  those  paladins,  as 
well  as  the  glory  and  the  chivalry  of  their  deeds  of  high 
emprise  ? 

A.    C.    QUISENBERRY. 
Hyattsvii,i.e,  Maryi<and. 


INTRODUCTION 


THE  subject  of  the  twenty-first  publication  of  The 
Filson  Club  is  the  Expeditions  of  Lopez  to  Cuba. 
Lopez  was  a  filibuster,  and  the  subject  of  the  book  is 
therefore  filibustering. 

What  is  filibustering,  or  who  is  a  filibuster?  Different 
origins  and  meanings  have  been  given,  but  we  have  doubt- 
less derived  filibuster  from  the  Spanish  "  filibustero, " 
and  understand  it  to  mean  a  citizen  of  one  country  who 
invades  another,  with  which  his  own  is  at  peace,  for  the 
purpose  of  subduing  and  occupying  it. 

Filibustering  has  not  always  been  the  same,  but  in 
one  form  or  another  it  may  be  said  to  have  existed  time 
out  of  mind.  Away  back  in  the  shadowy  past  of  the 
hiiman  race  the  hunter  who  seized  the  woods  of  his 
neighboring  hunter,  and  the  shepherd  who  came  down 
upon  the  grazing  places  of  his  neighboring  shepherd,  were 
filibusters.  When  Alexander  the  Great  crossed  the  Indus 
and  Caesar  the  Rubicon,  their  subsequent  acts  resembled 
those  of  filibusters  as  much  as  anything  else.  Better 
examples,     however,     are    found    in    later    times.       The 


8  Introduction 

vikings  of  the  North  for  more  than  a  thousand  years  were 
masters  of  the  seas  that  washed  Etirope.  Commerce 
upon  the  ocean  and  the  inland  seas  and  the  great  rivers 
could  only  be  safe  with  the  consent  of  these  Northern 
seafarers.  They  carried  their  victorious  arms  to  England, 
France,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  to  other  countries,  and  the 
only  way  for  the  countries  invaded  to  keep  out  such 
unwelcome  visitors  was  to  nationalize  those  already 
arrived,  as  a  protection  against  others  to  come.  The 
vikings  did  not  share  the  odivim  usually  awarded  to  pirates, 
but  were  considered  respectable,  and  formed  dynasties  in 
England  and  France  which  connected  them  by  blood 
with  the  nobility  of  those  countries  to  this  day. 

The  pirates  of  the  north  of  Africa  were  not  considered 
as  respectable  filibusters  as  the  vikings,  but  were  well 
enough  thought  of  by  the  most  enlightened  cotmtries 
to  receive  pay  for  not  preying  upon  the  commerce  of  the 
contracting  parties.  Such  pay  in  our  times  would  be 
considered  the  compounding  of  felonies,  but  it  was  thought 
all  right  in  those  days. 

The  most  brilliant  and  successful  filibustering  feat, 
however,  in  modem  times  was  the  conquest  of  Mexico 
by  Don  Hernando  Cortez.  This  great  filibuster,  without 
the  consent  of  his  king,  undertook  the  conquest  of  Mexico, 
a  coimtry  at  peace  with  Spain,  and  succeeded.     The  mag- 


Introduction  9 

nitude  of  this  conquest  divested  it  of  all  irregularity,  and 
Spain  accepted  it  as  the  great  acquisition  that  it  was, 
incorporated  it  into  her  dominions  without  a  scruple  as  to 
the  character  of  the  acquisition,  and  made  the  filibuster 
who  had  done  the  bloody  work  of  conquest  the  first  Cap- 
tain-General and  first  Governor  of  the  country  acquired. 

Still  nearer  to  our  times,  Don  Francisco  Miranda 
appeared  as  a  filibuster,  trying  to  wrest  his  native  Vene- 
zuela from  the  Spanish.  He  was  the  first  filibuster  to 
gather  an  army  in  the  United  States  to  attack  a  foreign 
country.  Of  gentle  birth,  good  education,  and  large 
fortune  in  Venezuela,  he  was  nevertheless  suspected  of 
revolutionary  designs  and  compelled  to  take  refuge  in 
the  United  States.  He  fought  with  the  French  on  the 
side  of  the  colonies  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  after- 
ward in  the  French  Revolution.  He  was  compelled  to 
leave  France  for  suspected  complicity  with  Dumouriez, 
and  again  came  to  the  United  States,  where  he  fitted  out 
an  expedition  with  the  hope  of  revolutionizing  his  native 
country.  He  was  unsuccessful,  and  falling  into  the  hands 
of  the  Spaniards  by  treachery,  was  imprisoned  at  Cadiz 
in  Spain,  where  he  died  in  chains  after  four  years  of  con- 
finement. His  miserable  end  might  have  been  a  warning 
to  others,  but  it  was  not  so  received. 

A  greater  man  and  actor  on  a  larger  scale  was  Aaron 
Burr,  a  native  of  the  United  States.     No  one  knows  pre- 


lo  Introduction 

cisely  what  the  designs  of  Burr  were,  but  it  is  generally 
believed  that  he  contemplated  the  conquest  of  Mexico 
and  the  placing  of  himself  on  the  throne  of  the  Monte- 
zumas.  He  failed  as  completely  as  Miranda  did,  except 
that  he  did  not  die  in  a  prison  like  Miranda.  He  died, 
however,  without  probably  deserving  it,  almost  univer- 
sally dishonored  and  despised. 

If  the  acts  of  General  Sam  Houston  were  not  those  of 
a  filibuster,  they  were  so  near  it  that  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  draw  the  distinction.  He  was  certainly  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States  making  war  upon  Mexico  for  the 
independence  of  Texas,  with  which  his  own  country  was 
at  peace.  His  undertaking  was  a  success,  however,  which 
made  the  filibuster  a  hero  and  his  filibustering  the 
untainted  boon  of  mankind.  History  has  recorded  his 
deeds  as  those  of  a  patriot,  and  left  no  room  for  the 
criticism  of  the  filibuster. 

Of  the  four  principal  filibusters  just  named  in  the 
Western  world — Cortez,  Miranda,  Burr,  and  Houston — 
two  were  successful  and  two  failures.  Each  of  them 
concerned  Spanish  territory,  and  Spain  was  probably 
responsible  for  the  introduction  of  filibustering  into  the 
Western  world.  Her  barbarous  treatment  of  her  people 
here  made  them  anxious  to  seek  foreign  help  to  enable 
them  to  throw  off  the  yoke  that  galled  them.     She  her- 


Introduction  n 

self  had  invaded  and  conquered  Mexico  and  parts  of  South 
America,  and  ought  not  to  have  been  disappointed  when 
others  invaded  her  domain.  She  finally  lost  all  her 
possessions,  principally  gained  by  filibustering,  in  the  New- 
World,  and  the  wonder  is,  not  that  she  lost  them,  but  that 
she  held  them  so  long.  In  these  expeditions  from  the 
United  States  was  some  of  the  best  blood  of  the  country. 
A  grandson  of  President  Adams,  by  the  name  of  Smith, 
was  in  the  Miranda  Expedition.  He  was  supposed  to 
have  been  captured  by  the  Spaniards  on  the  coast  of 
Venezuela,  and  while  this  impression  prevailed  the  Spanish 
minister  at  Washington  wrote  to  a  friend  of  the  father 
of  the  young  filibuster  offering  to  intercede  for  him  upon 
condition  that  he  would  disclose  the  names  and  plans 
of  all  the  Spaniards  associated  with  him.  The  father 
answered  that  he  would  not  purchase  his  own  life  upon 
such  terms,  and  that  he  would  not  advise  his  son  to  bring 
disgrace  upon  himself  and  his  family  by  betraying  those 
with  whom  he  had  acted.  It  was  afterward  discovered 
that  the  young  man  had  not  been  captured,  but  made 
good  his  escape  to  the  United  States.  Noted  names, 
in  other  expeditions,  might  be  given  here,  but  the  author 
has  exhibited  enough  of  them  in  the  text  to  show  that 
the  very  best  blood  of  the  land  was  employed. 

After  the  failure  of  Miranda,  four-and-forty  long  years 
elapsed  before  another  filibustering  expedition  was  fitted 


12  Introduction 

out  in  the  United  States  against  a  foreign  Coventry,  unless 
the  movements  for  the  independence  of  Texas  were  of 
that  character,  as  they  probably  were.  In  1849,  1850, 
and  1 85 1  three  expeditions  were  fitted  out  by  Lopez 
against  the  island  of  Cuba.  These,  although  true  fiH- 
bustering  expeditions,  were  also  movements  in  the  interest 
of  himianity.  They  were  not  for  plionder  and  spoils, 
but  for  the  freedom  of  human  beings  from  the  galling 
yoke  of  tyranny.  The  Spanish  had  first  depopulated 
the  island  of  Cuba  with  fire  and  sword,  and  then  after- 
ward so  oppressed  the  English  and  French  and  Dutch 
who  came  into  it  that  they  were  driven  from  the  land 
and  took  to  the  sea  as  buccaneers.  Nothing  like  piracy 
was  attached  to  the  name  buccaneer.  The  word  means 
flesh-dryers,  and  was  applied  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
island  of  San  Domingo,  who  followed  hunting  the  wild 
cattle  of  that  land  and  curing  their  flesh  and  hides  for 
the  Dutch  market.  They  were  not  pirates,  moreover, 
because  they  only  preyed  upon  the  commerce  of  Spain, 
their  enemy  and  oppressor.  It  is  possible  that  the  fili- 
busters of  the  United  States  were  the  logical  representa- 
tives or  successors  of  these  buccaneers,  the  original  enemies 
of  the  Spanish,  for  ever}^  filibustering  expedition  from 
this  coxmtry  was  against  the  Spanish. 

I  need  not,   in  this  introduction,   say  anything  more 
about  the  Expeditions  of  Lopez.     They  are  the  subject 


LIEUTENANT  JOHN  CARL  JOHNSTON. 


Introduction  13 

of  the  twenty-first  publication  of  The  Filson  Club,  and 
are  fully  set  forth  in  the  text  by  Mr.  Quisenberry,  the 
author.  I  am  not  familiar  with  any  previous  work  in 
which  these  expeditions  have  been  so  fully  and  faithfully 
recorded. 

It  has  now  been  fifty-six  years  since  the  first  of  these 
expeditions  was  organized,  and  fifty-four  since  the  third 
and  last  was  inaugurated.  Those  who  were  engaged  in 
them  are  assumed  to  have  been  fiill-grown  men  at  the 
time,  so  that  a  survivor  would  now  have  reached  the  age 
of  seventy-seven.  But  few  men  who  have  borne  the 
heats  of  sub-tropical  suns  in  military  campaigns  live  to 
seventy-seven.  I  know  of  but  one  survivor  of  the  second 
Lopez  Expedition  who  is  now  living,  and  he  has  been 
singularly  associated  with  the  death  and  burial  of  one 
of  his  comrades  in  the  same  expedition.  This  survivor 
is  John  Carl  Johnston,  a  son  of  the  late  Judge  George  W. 
Johnston,  who  was  bom  in  Shelby  County,  Kentucky, 
on  November  19,  1829.  After  going  through  the  schools 
in  his  native  county,  his  education  was  continued  at 
Tuscaloosa,  Alabama,  and  finished  at  West  Point  in  1846. 
He  then  went  into  the  Mexican  War  as  second  lieutenant, 
and  continued  in  service  during  the  war.  At  the  close 
of  the  Mexican  War,  in  which  he  had  been  a  gallant 
soldier,  he  went  to  California,  where  he  remained  a  few 


14  Introduction 

months  without  finding  or  acquiring  a  gold  mine,  and 
returned  to  Kentucky  as  poor  as  he  went  from  it.  In 
1850  he  joined  the  second  Lopez  Expedition,  and  was  a 
brave  and  efficient  soldier  from  the  beginning  to  the  end. 
In  the  fight  at  Cardenas,  in  which  he  bore  an  honorable 
part,  a  fellow-soldier  was  mortally  wovmded,  but  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  on  the  boat  which  bore  the  retreating 
filibusters  to  Key  West.  Here  his  comrade's  wound  was 
dressed  with  a  shirt  furnished  by  Johnston,  and  having 
on  it  written  with  indelible  ink,  "John  Carl  Johnston, 
Louisville,  Ky."  In  a  few  days  after  the  filibusters  dis- 
persed from  Key  West  to  their  homes  and  other  places 
the  wounded  soldier  died,  and  the  name  on  the  shirt  fur- 
nished a  supposed  clue  to  his  identity.  A  letter  was 
sent  to  Louisville  stating  his  death,  and  asking  what  should 
be  done  with  the  body.  The  letter  was  answered  by 
requesting  that  the  remains  be  sent  to  Louisville.  When 
the  remains  arrived,  they  were  buried  in  the  Western 
Cemetery,  and  a  headstone  erected  bearing  the  name  of 
John  Carl  Johnston.  Of  course  Lieutenant  Johnston, 
when  he  rettimed  to  Louisville,  was  astonished  and 
troubled  at  the  evidence  this  grave  gave  of  his  death  and 
btirial,  but  at  the  suggestion  of  Judge  Johnston,  his  father, 
the  grave  was  never  disturbed,  but  allowed  to  continue 
to  bear  the  remains  of  the  dead  filibuster  and  the  name 


Introduction  15 

of  his  living  comrade.  If  the  city  of  Louisville  had  been 
as  mindful  of  those  buried  in  this  cemetery,  the  graves 
of  the  old  pioneers  buried  there  would  not  have  been 
disturbed  by  vandal  hands.  The  city  owed  it  to  the 
descendants  of  the  dead  buried  there  to  keep  a  fence 
around  the  burying-ground  and  the  lots  in  decent  order. 
Instead  of  that,  the  fence  once  there  was  removed,  and 
many  of  the  monuments  which  told  whose  remains  occu- 
pied the  graves  were  piled  together  in  an  unoccupied 
comer  of  the  ground,  in  utter  confusion,  as  if  they  were 
common  stones.  Among  the  graves  thus  desecrated  was 
that  of  the  filibuster  who  bore  the  name  of  Lieutenant 
Johnston,  who  is  yet  living  among  us  at  the  ripe  age  of 
seventy-six  years.  He  ctiltivates  his  little  farm  below 
the  west  end  of  the  city,  and  is  an  exemplary,  genial,  and 
worthy  citizen,  beloved  and  respected  by  all  who  know 
him. 

There  has  been  but  one  filibuster  of  note  in  our  coun- 
try since  the  time  of  Lopez.  This  was  William  Walker, 
who  by  filibustering  rose  to  the  presidency  of  Nicaragua, 
in  Central  America.  His  holding  of  this  high  office  was 
not  of  long  duration.  After  being  compelled  to  flee  from 
the  country  he  had  conquered,  and  in  which  he  had  been 
elected  president,  he  returned  to  the  United  States  and 
gathered   a   force   to   regain   his   seat   in   the   presidential 


i6  Introduction 

chair.  His  force  landed  in  Nicaragua,  but  brought  him 
death  instead  of  the  presidency.  Captain  Saknon,  of  the 
British  ship  Icarus,  arrested  Walker  and  his  few  followers 
and  delivered  them  to  the  Hondurenos,  in  utter  disregard 
of  the  fact  that  Walker  had  demanded  at  the  surrender, 
whether  he  was  stirrendering  to  the  British  or  Hondtirenos, 
and  from  Captain  Salmon  received  the  emphatic  reply 
that  he  was  surrendering  to  the  British.  He  was  betrayed 
by  Captain  Salmon,  delivered  to  the  Hondurenos,  tried 
by  court-martial,  and  condemned  to  death  b}^  the  fusillade. 
The  next  morning  after  the  verdict  he  was  shot  by  three 
soldiers,  each  of  whose  balls  took  effect,  and  still  he  was 
not  dead.  A  fourth  soldier  then  put  his  musket  against 
his  forehead  and  blew  out  his  brains. 

I  have,  however,  said  enough,  and  perhaps  too  much, 
for  an  introductory  chapter  on  filibustering  in  a  book 
devoted  to  that  subject.  The  subject  is  interesting 
enough,  but  its  treatment  has  limits,  especially  in  an  intro- 
duction. I  therefore  hasten  to  leave  the  subject,  with 
the  recommendation  that  all  who  want  to  know  more 
about  it  shall  read  the  following  pages  by  Mr.  Quisen- 
berry,  which  are  full  of  instructive  and  valuable  facts 
beautifully  set  forth  by  the  author.  No  brighter  names 
than  those  of  Pickett,  O'Hara,  Hawkins,  Logan,  Breck- 
enridge,   and   Crittenden,  mentioned  by  Mr.  Quisenberry, 


Introduction  17 

will  be  found  in  our  annals.  They  were  the  noble  sons 
of  noble  sires,  acting  nobly  in  the  cause  of  human  progress, 
as  they  understood  it.  If  it  were  possible  for  descend- 
ants to  add  to  the  glorious  name  of  Crittenden,  it  was 
done  by  two  filibusters  who  bore  that  name,  one  in  the 
moment  of  death,  the  other  in  a  marvelous  escape  from 
death.  The  first  was  William  Logan  Crittenden,  whose 
sad  fate  Mr.  Quisenberry  has  fully  set  forth.  His  dying 
words  have  gone  all  over  the  civilized  world.  When  he 
stood  before  the  loaded  muskets  of  his  murderers  and 
was  ordered  to  turn  his  back  to  them  and  kneel,  he 
answered,  "A  Kentuckian  kneels  only  to  his  God,"  and 
thus  standing  erect  he  looked  the  death-dealing  muskets 
in  the  muzzle  while  they  were  emptied  into  his  body. 
The  second  was  George  Bibb  Crittenden,  who  was  in  the 
Fisher  Expedition,  which  set  out  from  Texas  five  hundred 
strong,  in  1842,  in  pursuit  of  Mexican  raiders.  They 
crossed  the  Rio  Grande  and  fought  a  successful  battle 
against  great  odds,  but  their  commander  was  wounded 
and  agreed  to  surrender  upon  the  solemn  promise  that 
they  should  be  paroled  and  sent  back  to  Texas.  Instead 
of  this  being  done,  they  were  sent  to  interior  prisons  and 
ordered  by  Santa  Anna  to  be  decimated.  To  determine 
those  that  were  to  be  shot,  white  beans,  meaning  life, 
and  black  beans,  meaning  death,  were  placed  in  a  recep- 


i8  Introduction 

tacle,  from  which  they  were  to  be  drawn.  Crittenden 
drew  a  white  bean,  which  secured  his  life,  but  instead  of 
using  it  for  himself  he  handed  it  to  a  comrade,  saying, 
"  You  have  a  wife  and  children,  but  I  have  none,  and  can 
afford  to  risk  another  chance."  He  drew  again,  and  was 
lucky  enough  to  draw  another  white  bean,  so  that  both 
he  and  his  friend  escaped  being  shot.  But  few  men 
would  have  taken  such  a  desperate  chance  for  life;  but 
noble-souled  Crittenden  took  it  and  survived  to  fight 
gallantly  through  the  Mexican  War  and  to  rise  to  the 
rank  of  Brigadier-General  in  the  Confederate  service. 
Whether  such  men  take  up  arms  as  soldiers  or  filibusters, 
they  command  the  respect  of  mankind  for  honor  and 
courage,  and  deserve  a  place  in  history. 

R.    T.    DURRETT, 
President  of  The  Filson  Club. 


CONTENTS 


PART  PAGE 

I  Cuba 23 

II  The  Cardenas  Expedition 32 

III  The  Bahia  Honda  Expedition 66 

Appendix 121 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


PAGB 


A.  C.  QuiSENBERRY Frontispiece 

Lieutenant  John  Carl  Johnston 13 

Map  of  Cuba 23 

General  Narciso  Lopez 28 

Colonel  Theodore  O'Hara 34 

Colonel  John  T.  Pickett 37 

"Rose  Hill,"  Ancestral  Home  of  the  Picketts •.  42 

Colonel  Thomas  T.  Hawkins 44 

Colonel  Logan  C.  Crittenden 73 

MoRo  Castle  in  Havana 77 

Human  Bone  Heap  in  Cuban  Cemetery -95 

Robert  H.  Breckenridge Ill 


LOPEZ'S  EXPEDITIONS  TO 
CUBA 


CUBA 

WHEN  Columbus  discovered  Cuba,  in  1492,  he  de- 
scribed it  as  "  the  most  beautiful  land  eyes 
ever  beheld,"  and  as  being  fertile  almost  beyond  descrip- 
tion. He  found  this  lovely  island  inhabited  by  a  race 
of  primitive  people  whom  it  would  hardly  be  just  to 
call  savages,  for,  by  his  own  account  of  them,  and  by 
all  accounts  that  have  ever  been  given,  they  were  a 
loving,  gentle,  and  affectionate  race,  hospitable  and  peace- 
able Vjeyond  any  people  the  world  has  ever  known  that 
history  gives  an  account  of.  They  had  no  weapons,  and 
were  totally  ignorant  of  war  and  strife. 
Sowing  It  is  estimated  that  when  the  island  was 

^^^  discovered  it  was  peopled  by  more  than  fovir 

Wind.  ^     ^  ■' 

hundred  thousand  of  these  gentle  natives; 
yet,  in  less  than  a  hundred  years  the  whole  of  them  had 
disappeared.  An  entire  people  had  been  exterminated, 
and  had  vanished  from  the  face  of  the  earth  as  completely 


24       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

as  if  they  had  never  been.  The  excuse,  if  excuse  it  may- 
be called,  for  massacring  them,  was  that  they  did  not 
with  sufficient  alacrity  embrace  the  religion  of  their  con- 
querors. Neither  did  they  take  kindly  to  the  oppressive 
form  of  slavery  to  which  they  were  subjected;  and  so  it 
was  considered  a  duty  to  God  to  slay  them.  They  were 
slain  indiscriminately,  singly,  in  squads,  in  droves.  The 
last  great  slaughter,  when  the  remnants  of  the  race  were 
roimded  up  and  exterminated,  was  on  the  northwestern 
coast  of  the  island,  at  a  spot  where  a  city  has  since  arisen, 
to  which  has  been  given  the  traditional  name  of  the  locality, 
Matanzas;  and  Matanzas  means  the  massacre,  the 
shambles. 

All  that  now  remains  of  the  childlike  aborigines  of 
Cuba  is  the  liquid  and  musical  names  they  gave  to  the 
topographical  feattires  of  their  beloved  island.  These 
names  stirvive  to  a  most  remarkable  extent.  As  to  the 
island  itself,  there  is  a  very  evident  instance  of  retribu- 
tive justice  in  the  fact  that  the  Spaniards  could  never 
name  it,  though  time  and  again  they  tried  to  do  so, 
backed  by  all  the  might  of  official  authority.  First  they 
named  it  Juana,  in  honor  of  a  prince;  then  Femandino, 
for  a  king;  then  Santiago,  for  the  patron  saint  of  Spain; 
and  finally  Ave  Maria,  for  the  Holy  Virgin  herself;  but 
all  to  no  avail.     One  by  one  these  names  appeared  and 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba        25 

disappeared;  and  Cuba,  the  soft,  musical  name  given  by 
the  lovable  aborigines,  alone  survives;  and  probably  it 
will  survive  for  all  time. 

Reaping  " ^^  Y^  ^'^^'  ^^  ^^^^^  Y^  reap!"     The  first 

t***  ferocious    colonizers    of    Cuba    left    a    progeny 

Whirlwind. 

who,  although  of  pure  Spanish  blood,  in  time 
and  after  many  generations  began  to  be  considered  by 
the  home  Spaniards  as  hardly  Spaniards  at  all;  and  there- 
fore fair  prey.  These  latter  native  Cubans  were  called 
Creoles;  and  as  they  began  to  gather  great  masses  of 
wealth  from  the  natural  and  exuberant  fertility  of  their 
soil,  it  clearly  became  worth  the  while  of  their  relatives 
in  old  Spain  to  come  over  and  despoil  them.  This  they 
did  in  hordes;  and  the  leeches  who  came  over  to  Cuba 
from  Spain  accompanied  their  spoliation  of  the  Creoles 
with  every  circumstance  of  indignity  and  cruelty. 

When  the  nineteenth  century  dawned  the  Creoles, 
though  many  of  them  were  immensely  wealthy,  were 
little  better  than  actual  slaves.  They  were  good  enough 
to  create  wealth,  or  to  superintend  its  creation  by  their 
own  black  slaves,  but  they  were  not  considered  good 
enough  for  any  of  the  rights  and  heritages  of  freemen. 
Spain  sent  over,  from  time  to  time,  hordes  of  blood- 
suckers, who  filled  all  the  official  positions  in  the  island, 
civil    and    military;  and    as    these    became    enriched    by 


26       Lopez's    Expeditions    to   Cuba 

almost  open  robbery,  as  they  usually  did  in  four  or 
five  years,  they  were  replaced  by  fresh  hordes,  eager, 
hungry,  and  rapacious. 

^  The    unhappy   island   was    almost   without 

Despotic         any  law  except  the  will  of  the  petty  tyrants 

Qovernment. 

who  ruled  it  for  their  own  aggrandizement; 
and  the  only  constitution  it  possessed  for  more  than  half 
a  century  was  the  Royal  Order  of  May  28,  1825,  by 
which  the  King  of  Spain  clothed  the  Captain- General 
of  Cuba  with  almost  absolute  power.  This  remarkable 
document,  the  most  striking  instance  of  tyranny  in 
modem  times  that  has  emanated  from  the  inaler  of  a 
people  who  believe  themselves  to  be  civilized,  set  forth 
that — 

"His  Majesty,  the  King,  our  Lord  .  .  .  has  resolved  to  give  to 
Your  Excellency  the  fullest  authority,  bestowing  upon  you  all  the 
powers  by  which  the  royal  ordinances  are  granted  to  the  Governors 
of  besieged  cities.  In  consequence  of  this,  His  Majesty  gives  to  Your 
Excellency  the  most  ample  and  unbounded  power,  not  only  to  send 
away  from  the  island  any  persons  in  office,  whatever  be  their  occu- 
pation, rank,  class  or  condition,  whose  continuance  therein  Your 
Excellency  may  deem  injurious;  or  whose  conduct,  public  or  private, 
may  alarm  you,  replacing  them  with  persons  faithful  to  His  Majesty, 
and  deserving  of  all  the  confidence  of  Your  Excellency;  but  also  to 
suspend  the  execution  of  any  order  whatsoever,  or  any  general  pro- 
vision made  concerning  any  branch  of  the  administration,  as  Your 
Excellency  may  think  most  suitable  to  the  royal  service." 

Under  such  authority,  it  may  well  be  believed  that 
conditions  in  Cuba  rapidly  grew  from  bad  to  worse;  and 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba        27 

a  mortal  antipathy  and  mutual  hatred  was  established 
between  the  Creoles  and  the  Spaniards.  Every  form  of 
persecution  was  inflicted  upon  the  patient  and  oppressed 
Creoles;  and  though  these  people  were  wellnigh  as 
broken-spirited  as  any  men  may  become,  still  they  were 
not  altogether  lacking  in  a  spirit  of  resistance,  as  sub- 
sequent events  have  shown. 

Symptoms  There    have    been   frequent   risings   of    the 

*>'  Cuban  people.     The  earliest  of  these  was  what 

Revolution. 

is  known  as  the  Black  Eagle  Conspiracy,  in 
1829,  only  four  years  after  the  promulgation  of  the 
despotic  Royal  Decree,  the  intent  of  which  was  to  deliver 
over  Cuba,  bound  hands  and  feet  and  neck  and  crop, 
to  the  spoiler.  In  1844  there  were  whisperings  of  a  plot 
on  the  part  of  the  black  slaves  of  the  Matanzas  district 
to  rise  in  insurrection.  The  authorities  could  elicit  no 
information  as  to  this  plot  from  the  witnesses  they 
invoked,  so  they  resorted  to  torture.  Unwilling  wit- 
nesses were  flogged  to  the  imminent  verge  of  death  while 
stretched  face  downward  on  ladders,  to  which  they  were 
bound.  Spaniards  ever  have  been  famous  for  the  numer- 
ous, varied,  and  exquisite  forms  of  torture  they  have 
been  able  to  discover  and  devise.  They  have  searched 
out  all  the  nerves  of  pain,  and  every  possible  mode  and 
appliance  to  rack  them;  and  the  native  Cubans  received 
the  full  benefit  of  their  ingenuity  in  this  respect. 


28        Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

The  inevitable  years  sped  on,   bringing  to 
Lopez  ^h^   unhappy   Cubans   no   surcease   of   sorrow, 

but  rather  increasing  and  aggravating  their 
woes,  until  1848,  when  there  was  a  strong  movement 
for  liberty  in  the  central  portion  of  the  island,  under 
the  leadership  of  Narciso  Lopez,  a  general  in  the 
Spanish  army,  but  not  then  in  active  service.  This 
movement  seemed  to  be  gathering  considerable  strength, 
especially  around  Cienfuegos  and  Trinidad.  But,  his 
plans  being  prematurely  exposed,  Lopez  was  compelled 
to  fly  for  his  life.  He  escaped  to  New  York,  where  he 
was  joined  by  a  great  number  of  Cuban  exiles,  with  whom 
he  fomented  a  plan  for  achieving  the  liberty  of  Cuba 
by  armed  expeditions  from  the  shores  of  the  United 
States. 

Narcisco  Lopez  was  a  natural  leader  of  men,  and  was 
in  many  ways  remarkable.  He  was  bom  in  Venezuela 
in  1799,  the  son  of  a  wealthy  merchant;  and  it  is  said 
that  at  an  early  age  he  sympathized  with  the  movement 
for  the  national  independence  of  South  America.  How- 
ever that  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  he  took  up  arms  for 
the  King  of  Spain  against  Bolivar  when  that  hero  made 
his  successful  attempt  to  liberate  Venezuela  from  the 
galling  yoke  of  the  mother  coimtry.  In  1822  he  retired 
from   the   Spanish   army   with   the   rank   of   Colonel;  and 


GENERAL  NARCISO  LOPEZ. 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


29 


when  the  Spanish  troops  evacuated  Venezuela  he  deemed 
it  advisable  to  also  leave  the  country  himself,  his  native 
land.  He  established  himself  in  Cuba,  where  it  seems 
he  was  graciously  received  by  the  rulers,  who  recom- 
mended him  so  highly,  when  he  soon  afterward  went  to 
Spain  in  search  of  prefemient,  that  he  was  there  awarded 
high  honors.  In  Spain  he  joined  the  Constitutional 
party  of  Queen  Isabella,  in  opposition  to  Don  Carlos, 
and  became,  in  succession.  Adjutant  to  General  Valdes, 
Governor  of  Madrid,  and  Senator  for  Seville.  This  latter 
office  he  resigned  because  of  the  refusal  of  the  Cortes 
to  admit  the  representatives  of  Cuba.  About  this  time 
his  old  commander,  Valdes,  was  appointed  Captain- 
General  of  Cuba;  and  when  he  went  to  assume  that  office 
Lopez  went  with  him,  and  was  given  profitable  employ- 
ment in  various  capacities.  He  also  devoted  his  atten- 
tion to  the  exploration  of  the  copper  mines;  and  by  this 
time,  in  one  way  and  another,  he  had  accumulated  a 
large  fortune.  Owing  to  some  misunderstanding  with 
the  Captain-General  he  was  separated  from  his  offices 
of  profit  in  the  government  of  Cuba;  and  was  then 
attracted  by  the  project  of  having  Cuba  throw  off  the  yoke 
of  Spain,  and  establish  herself  as  a  free  republic.  After 
the  detection  of  his  plot  in  1848,  his  estates  in  Cuba  were 
confiscated   by    the    Captain-General;  but    it    seems    that 


30 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to   Cub: 


he  had  previously  succeeded  in  depositing  some  very 
considerable  sums  of  money  in  the  New  York  banks, 
all  of  which  were  subsequently  sunk  in  his  several 
attempts  to  invade  Cuba.  Personally,  he  has  been 
described  as  a  fine-looking,  well  set-up  man,  with  a 
splendid  head,  handsome  black  eyes,  and  benevolent 
countenance.  His  manners  showed  that  he  had  had 
the  advantages  of  the  best  of  breeding  and  association; 
he  was  distinguished  by  his  simplicity  of  dress  and 
demeanor,  and  was  devoid  of  arrogance  and  ostentation. 
He  was  a  man  of  the  supremest  cotirage  and  daring;  and 
physically  he  was  endowed  with  a  capacity  for  the  great- 
est hardship  and  endurance.  Before  the  close  of  his 
checkered  career  this  capacity  was  tested  to  the  utmost 
limit,  and  met  all  the  calls  that  were  made  upon  it. 
j,,g  After    establishing    himself    in    New    York 

Round  Island  ^i^h   his   coterie    of   Cuban   patriots   in    1848, 

Expedition.  . 

Lopez  set  to  work  to  create  an  army  of  mva- 
sion,  whose  landing  on  Cuban  shores  was  to  be  the  signal 
for  the  rising  of  the  natives.  He  soon  enlisted  a  force 
of  some  fifteen  hundred  men,  whom  he  attempted  to  get 
off  as  a  joint  expedition  from  New  York  and  New  Orleans 
— ^those  in  New  York  to  be  transported  in  the  steamers 
New  Orleans  and  Sea  Gull,  and  those  from  New  Orleans 
in   the   steamer   Fanny.     These   two   forces   were   to   join 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba        31 

at  Round  Island,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  New 
Orleans  and  Mobile,  and  proceed  thence  to  Cuba.  The 
expedition,  however,  failed  by  reason  of  the  fact  that 
it  was  so  openly  conducted  that  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment was  bound  to  take  cognizance  of  it,  and  to  put 
a  stop  to  it  at  once;  though  there  is  little  doubt  but  the 
Government  would  have  been  conveniently  blind  to  any 
movement  of  the  kind  that  had  been  conducted  with  a 
reasonable  degree  of  prudence  and  secrecy. 

But  the  American  people  had  become  interested  in 
the  project  of  freeing  Cuba,  by  whatever  honorable  means, 
and  openly  sympathized  with  it  in  every  section  of  the 
country,  more  particularly  in  the  South  and  West,  where 
many  gallant  and  daring  men  of  high  social  position  felt 
their  souls  in  arms  and  eager  for  the  fray.  It  is  need- 
less to  say  that  the  project  attracted  not  only  lovers  of 
liberty  for  liberty's  sake,  but  also  lovers  of  adventure 
for  adventure's  sake,  and  lovers  of  money  for  the  sake 
of  the  money  there  was  supposed  to  be  in  it.  By  a  sad 
caprice  of  fate,  it  proved  to  be  the  lovers  of  liberty  for 
liberty's  sake  who  staff ered  most  in  the  two  expeditions 
from  our  shores  that  actually  landed  upon  Cuban  soil. 


32       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

II 

THE  CARDENAS  EXPEDITION 

The  Round  Island  Expedition,  which  was  stopped 
by  the  United  States  Government  in  1849,  was  recruited 
mostly  in  New  York  City;  but  the  failure  seems  to  have 
dampened  the  ardor  of  the  young  men  there,  who  did  not 
respond  so  freely  when,  in  the  winter  of  1849-50,  -Lopez 
began  to  build  up  a  force  for  a  second  expedition — the 
one  now  known  as  the  Cardenas  Expedition.  The  defec- 
tion may  also  have  been  caused  in  part  by  the  fact  that 
some  of  the  New  York  papers  began  to  hint  that  the 
Independence  party  in  Cuba  had  no  confidence  in  Lopez, 
and  would  not  rise  to  his  assistance;  and  that  the  expe- 
dition was  not  supported  by  adequate  means,  the  greater 
part  of  its  funds  having  been  raised  on  scrip  based  on 
the  spoils  of  the  proposed  Government  of  Cuba,  much 
of  which  scrip  had  been  sold  at  two  to  five  dollars 
on  the  one  hundred  dollars,  to  meet  the  immediate 
expenses  of  the  expedition.  It  is  true  that  vast  amounts 
of  these  bonds  had  been  issued,  and  they  were  sold  for 
whatever  they  wotild  bring.  On  the  ships  taking  the 
men  to  their  rendezvous  in  Yucatan,  some  of  the  soldiers 
of  the  expedition,  when  playing  cards  to  while  away  the 


Lopez's    Expeditions   to    Cuba 


33 


tediiim   of   the   voyage,    frequently    "backed   their   judg- 
ment" with  Cuban  bonds  as  the  stakes  of  the  game. 

Not  meeting  with  as  much  encouragement  as  he 
desired  in  the  East,  General  Lopez  turned  his  attention 
to  the  West  and  South,  whence  had  already  been  borne 
to  him  many  ardent  messages  of  sympathy  and  cheer. 
Early  in  the  spring  of  1850  he  left  New  York  and  traveled 
incognito  down  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  to  New 
Orleans,  stopping  at  many  places  in  Kentucky,  Ten- 
nessee, and  Mississippi  to  confer  with  those  who  were 
in  sympathy  with  his  purposes,  and  to  perfect  arrange- 
ments for  the  speedy  sailing  of  an  expedition  from  the 
Crescent  City.  The  skeletons  of  three  regimental  organi- 
zations were  speedily  established  and  fully  officered.  These 
were  known,  from  the  States  in  which  they  were  recruited, 
as  the  Kentucky  Regiment,  the  Mississippi  Regiment, 
and  the  Louisiana  Regiment.  Men  joining  the  expedi- 
tion were  to  receive  the  same  pay  and  allowances  that 
were  given  in  the  United  States  Army,  and  at  the  end 
of  one  year — or  sooner,  if  the  revolution  should  be  sooner 
successful — a  bounty  of  four  thousand  dollars  in  money, 
or  its  equivalent  in  lands  in  Cuba.  Officers,  similarly, 
were  to  receive  the  same  pay,  etc.,  allowed  for  like  grades 
in  the  United  States  Army,  and  were  to  be  given  high 
rank  in  the  future  permanent  army  of  the   Republic  of 


34       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

Cuba,  and  to  receive,  at  the  same  time  as  the  men,  a 
bounty  of  ten  thousand  dollars  in  money,  or  its  equiva- 
lent in  lands  in  Cuba. 

ji^g  The    Kentucky    Regiment,  *    in    particular, 

Kentucky        ^g^g  remarkable  for  the  character  of  its  com- 

Regiment. 

ponents,  both  officers  and  privates,  who 
almost  universally  were  from  leading  families  of  the 
State.  These  young  men,  gallant,  impulsive,  daring, 
datmtless,  were  lovers  of  liberty  for  liberty's  sake.  The 
field  officers  of  the  regiment  were  Colonel  Theodore 
O'Hara,  Lieutenant-Colonel  John  T.  Pickett,  and  Major 
Thomas  T.  Hawkins;  and  a  knightlier  or  more  chivalric 
trio  never  sat  at  King  Arthur's  Round  Table,  or  set  lance 
in    rest    for    the    deliverance    of    the    oppressed. 

It  is  a  singular  fact  that  the  three  ranking  officers 
of  the  Kentucky  Regiment  in  the  Cardenas  Expedition — 
Theodore  O'Hara,  John  T.  Pickett,  and  Thomas  T.  Haw- 
kins— each  afterward  served,  though  at  different  times, 
on  the  staff  of  General  John  C.  Breckinridge  in  the 
Confederate  army. 

Theodore  O'Hara,  Colonel  of  the  Kentucky 

Theodore 

O'Hara.  Regiment,   at  this  time  was  thirty-one  years 

old.      He     had    already    achieved     military 

renown    by    his    gallant    and    distingtdshed    services  as 

'See  Appendix  for  a  partial  roster  of  the  officers  of  this  regiment,  and  a  state- 
ment of  its  losses  in  the  battle  of  Cardenas. 


COLONEL  THEODORE  O'HARA. 


Lopez  s    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


35 


an  officer  of  Kentucky  volunteers  in  the  war  with  Mexico. 
When,  after  the  close  of  that  war,  the  State  of  Kentucky 
sent  to  the  battlefields  of  Mexico  and  gathered  up  the 
remains  of  her  sons  who  had  fallen  there,  and  reinterred 
them  with  becoming  civil  and  military  ceremony  in  the 
State  Cemetery  at  Frankfort,  it  was  Theodore  O'Hara 
who,  in  commemoration  of  that  solemn  and  sacred  oc- 
casion, composed  that  wonderful  martial  elegy — The 
Bivouac  of  the  Dead^ — that  has  made  his  name  immortal. 
Soon  after  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  its  verses  were  cast 
upon  iron  slabs  that  adorn  our  national  cemeteries,  to 
commemorate    the  sleeping    heroes  of    North  and  South 

alike. 

"The  muffled  drum's  sad  roll  has  beat 

The  soldier's  last  tattoo ; 
No  more  on  life's  parade  shall  meet 

The  brave  and  fallen  few ; 
On  Fame's  eternal  camping  ground 

Their  silent  tents  are  spread, 
But  Glory  guards  with  solemn  round 
The  Bivouac  of  the  Dead." 

If  he  had  never  written  any  more  than  this  single 
stanza,  and  had  achieved  naught  else  besides,  these  lines 
alone  would  have  given  him  perennial  fame.  His  life 
was  a  romance,  and  devoted  always  to  philanthropy. 
Soldier,  poet,  orator,  journalist,  planter — he  was  each  in 
turn,  and  in  each  and  all  distinguished.     At  the  close  of 

'For  full  text  of  this  poem  see  Appendix. 


36       Lopez's   Expeditions   to   Cuba 

the  Mexican  War  he  was  commissioned  a  Captain  in  the 
regtilar  army  of  the  United  States.  But  army  life  in 
the  piping  times  of  peace  that  followed  was  irksome  to 
his  chivalric  soul;  so  he  resigned  his  commission  in 
order  to  unite  with  Lopez  in  the  Cardenas  Expedition, 
which  he  fondly  hoped  would  prove  the  means  of  free- 
ing Cuba.  Returning  thence  wounded  almost  to  the  death, 
he  next  met  that  "gray-eyed  man  of  destiny,"  Colonel 
William  Walker,  and  co-operated  with  him  in  the  organi- 
zation of  his  adventurous  and  ill-fated  expedition  to  Nic- 
aragua. At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  he  at  once 
cast  his  fate  with  that  of  the  Confederacy,  serving  with 
distinguished  gallantry  until  the  end.  On  the  staff  of 
Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  he  received  his  dying  chief  in 
his  arms  at  Shiloh.  Later  he  served  on  the  staff  of  Gen- 
eral John  C.  Breckinridge;  and  at  the  disruption  of  the 
Confederacy,  when  Breckinridge  left  the  field,  O'Hara 
was  with  him  in  the  long  and  perilous  retreat  to  the 
Florida  coast. 

Colonel  O'Hara 's  commanding  talents  and  brilliant 
achievements  have  already  been  commemorated  in  several 
more  or  less  extended  biographical  sketches;  and  it  is 
hoped  that  so  brief  a  one  in  this  work  will  therefore  be 
the  more  readily  excused. 


COLONEL  JOHN  T.  PICKETT. 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to   Cuba       37 

John  T.  Pickett,   Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the 

John 

T.  Pickett.  Kentucky  Regiment,  was  bom  October  9,  1823, 
at  the  old  stone  house  known  as  "Mill  Glen," 
situated  on  the  pleasant  waters  of  the  stream  called  Law- 
rence Creek,  and  not  far  from  Maysville,  Kentucky.  The 
broad  and  fertile  region  drained  by  the  Lawrence  was,  in 
early  times,  a  breeding-place  or  nursery  of  soldierly  men 
whose  names  are  familiar  throughout  Kentucky,  the  first  of 
whom  was  Simon  Kenton;  and  it  was  in  this  region  that 
young  Pickett  was  reared,  as  well  as  bom.  This  classic 
stream,  which  pays  a  perennial  tribute  of  sacred  soil  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  is  referred  to  by  Henry  T.  Stanton, 
the  poet,  in  the  fine  descriptive  lines — 

"Where  Lawrence,  breaking  thro'  the  hills, 
Beats  down  the  lonesome  hollows." 

If  there  be  anything  in  heredity,  it  must  be  evident 
that  John  T.  Pickett  came  naturally  by  his  soldierly 
qualities  and  marked  military  talents.  He  was  descended 
from  a  line  of  soldiers.  His  great-grandfather.  Captain 
William  S.  Pickett,  a  planter  of  Fauquier  County,  Vir- 
ginia, was  an  officer  of  the  Virginia  line  in  the  War  of 
the  Revolution;  his  grandfather,  John  Pickett,  "of  Fau- 
quier," removed  to  Kentucky  in  early  times,  settling 
in  Mason  County,  and  advanced  by  regular  promotion 
to  a  colonelcy  in  the  military  service  of  that  State.     He 


38       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

drilled  the  first  regiment  of  troops  ever  organized  in 
Mason  Coiinty.  James  C.  Pickett,  the  father  of  John 
T.  Pickett,  was  a  captain  in  the  regular  army  of  the 
United  States,  and  served  as  an  artillery  officer  in  the 
War  of  1 8 1 2 ;  and  he  married  the  daughter  of  General 
Joseph  Desha,  who  commanded  the  division  of  Kentucky 
troops  which  formed  the  famous  "crochet"  at  the  Battle 
of  the  Thames. 

John  T.  Pickett  studied  law  at  the  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity, Lexington,  Kentucky.  In  1841  he  was  appointed 
a  cadet  at  West  Point,  but  resigned  before  finishing  the 
course,  to  accept  a  diplomatic  appointment  as  United 
States  Consul  to  the  West  Indies.  In  this  capacity  he 
served  until  1848,  when  he  became  associated  with  Lopez 
in  the  movement  to  make  Cuba  free.  From  1853  to  1861 
he  was  United  States  Consiol  at  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  immediately  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  South;  and  was  at  once  (1861) 
appointed  Secretary  of  the  American  Peace  Commission, 
and  not  long  afterward  was  made  Confederate  States 
Commissioner  to  Mexico.  In  1862  he  was  appointed 
Colonel  and  Assistant  Adjutant- General  on  the  staff  of 
General  John  C.  Breckinridge,  and  sen,"ed  to  the  end  of 
the  war.  When  peace  came  he  settled  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  where  he  had  married  his  wife — Miss  Mary  Ke}^- 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba       39 

worth,  daughter  of  Major  Robert  Keyworth,  of  that  city. 
In  the  early  "eighties"  he  had  an  attack  of  paralysis, 
which  he  did  not  long  survive.  He  died  October  18, 
1884,  and  after  a  checkered  and  stormy  career  was 
laid  to  rest  by  the  side  of  his  father  and  his  wife,  in  the 
Congressional  Cemetery  at  Washington.  He  had  been 
an  old  comrade  in  arms  with  that  bom  viking,  General 
Charles  Frederick  Henningsen,  Liberator  and  Filibuster 
in  many  lands — a  battle-scarred  paladin  who  never  feared 
the  face  of  man — upon  whose  tomb  Pickett  caused  to  be 
inscribed  those  lines  from  Gil  Bias  which  might  as  fit- 
tingly be  inscribed  upon  his  own: 

"Invent  Portum.  Spes  et  fortuna  valete!  Sat  me 
lusistis.  .  .  .  Ludite  nunc  alios.''' 

Colonel  John  T.  Pickett  was  no  ordinary  man;  on  the 
contrary,  he  possessed  to  a  remarkable  degree  the  attri- 
butes of  true  greatness.  William  H.  Russell,  the  war 
correspondent  of  the  London  Times,  who  met  him  during 
our  Civil  War,  described  him  as  "a  tall,  good-looking 
man,  of  pleasant  manners,  and  well  educated.  ...  He 
threw  himself  into  the  cause  of  the  South  with  vehemence ; 
it  was  not  difficult  to  imagine  he  saw  in  that  cause  the 
realization  of  the  dreams  of  empire  in  the  South  of  the 
Gtilf,  and  in  the  conquest  of  the  islands  of  the  sea,  which 
have  such  a  fascinating  influence  over  a  large  portion  of 


40       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

the  American  people."  The  Washington  correspondent 
of  the  New  York  Sun,  under  date  of  November  i8,  1873, 
said  of  him:  "He  is  a  striking-looking  man,  full}^  six  feet 
two  inches  in  height,  with  a  knightly  appearance  and 
demeanor  which  bring  to  mind  the  men  of  the  sixteenth 
century."  After  the  battle  of  Cardenas,  Colonel  Pickett 
had  the  distinction  of  having  a  reward  of  twenty-five 
thousand  dollars  offered  for  his  head  by  the  Captain- 
General  of  Cuba. 

It  is  generally  agreed  that  he  was  a  man  of  striking 
personality.  The  portrait  of  him  given  in  this  work  shows 
him  soon  after  he  had  attained  his  majority — just  a  few 
years  before  the  Cuban  expedition.  In  addition  to  his 
magnificent  height,  he  was  slender,  graceful,  athletic, 
and  possessed  almost  incredible  powers  of  endurance. 
"  He  could  tramp  his  forty  miles  without  taking  the  starch 
out  of  his  shirt-collar."  He  really  had  the  "chiseled 
features"  so  often  attributed  by  novelists  to  their  heroes 
— fine,  clear-cut,  classical,  and  bold.  It  has  been  said 
that  Joaquin  Miller's  poetic  description  of  William  Walker 
might  be  better  applied  to  Colonel  Pickett — 

"He  was  a  brick,  and  brave  as  a  bear; 
As  brave  as  Nevada's  grizzlies  are. 
Or  any  lion,  of  anywhere. 


A  piercing  eye,  a  princely  air, 
A  presence  like  a  chevalier, 
Half  angel  and  half  Lucifer." 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


41 


Although  "at  rare  intervals  he  gave  evidence  of  a  spice 
of  Diabolus  in  his  composition,  yet  there  was  a  daily 
beauty  in  his  life  which  charmed  all  who  came  into  con- 
tact with  him;  and  some  of  the  children  who  were  gath- 
ered about  him  more  than  fifty  years  ago  can  testify  to 
this  day  to  the  power  of  that  charm. 

The  feat  of  John  Graham,  of  Claverhouse,  who  saved 
the  life  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  battle  by  carrying  him 
from  the  field  on  his  horse,  was  scarcely  more  chivalric 
than  the  similar  service  rendered  to  General  John  C. 
Breckinridge  by  Colonel  Pickett  at  the  second  battle  of 
Cold  Harbor.  It  was  a  fine  exhibition  of  readiness,  cour- 
age, soldierly  devotion,  and  resource;  as  was,  also,  his 
action  in  the  Logan  incident  at  Cardenas. 

Honorable  John  T.  Richardson,  of  Tennessee,  who  is 
compiling  the  diplomatic  correspondence  of  the  Con- 
federacy, is  credited  with  saying  that  the  letters  from 
Colonel  Pickett  as  Commissioner  to  Mexico  are  second 
in  interest  to  none  in  the  collection  except  the  corre- 
spondence of  Mason  and  Slidell.  In  these  letters  Colonel 
Pickett  recites  the  tragic  story  of  the  ill-fated  Maximilian. 

In  this  place  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  particularize 
concerning  Colonel  Pickett's  connection  with  the  Tilden- 
Hayes  imbroglio  and  his  personal  correspondence  with 
Abram  S.  Hewitt;  nor  to  make  more  than  a  passing  men- 


42       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

tion  of  his  appeal  to  the  Confederate  Government,  in 
the  interest  of  foreign  intervention,  to  free  and  arm  the 
slaves — a  suggestion  that  was  seconded,  when  too  late, 
by  General  Robert  E.  Lee.  Colonel  Pickett  proposed 
"not  to  carry  the  war  into  Africa,  but  to  carry  Africa 
into  the  war." 

It  may  be  interesting  to  consider,  even  though  briefly, 
the  influences  and  conditions  which  determined  the  evolu- 
tion of  this  young  Ken tuckian  into  a  "Liberator"  of 
the  Spanish- American  school.  When  his  father,  Honor- 
able James  C.  Pickett,  was  sent  on  a  diplomatic  mission 
to  South  America,  his  boys  were  placed  under  the  care  of 
an  uncle  who  lived  at  the  old  homestead,  "Rose  Hill," 
near  Washington,  in  Mason  County,  Kentucky.  The 
house  (still  standing,  and  still  in  the  possession  of  the 
family)  is  a  large  brick  one,  and  was  built  in  1798  for 
Colonel  John  Pickett  of  Fauquier.  The  attic  of  this 
ancestral  home  yielded  to  research  many  interesting 
old  papers;  and,  to  a  bright,  ambitious  boy  in  the  preg- 
nant "thirties,"  the  very  atmosphere  was  full  of  stimu- 
lating tradition  and  speculation.  John  T.  Pickett's 
thoughts  turned  as  naturally  to  the  Spanish  main  and 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  as  the  waters  of  his  native 
Lawrence  flowed  to  mingle  with  the  waters  of  the  Gulf. 
In  pioneer  days  his  grandfather  had  actively  sympathized 


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Lopez's    Expeditions    to   Cub: 


43 


with  every  project  or  movement  to  open  the  Mississippi 
to  the  transportation  of  the  varied  products  of  his  plan- 
tation. His  father's  letters  from  South  America  were 
filled  with  references  to  Simon  Bolivar,  who  had  served 
on  the  staff  of  General  Miranda  when  he  commanded 
the  Venezuelan  forces — Miranda,  the  original  filibuster, 
whose  name  is  carved  upon  the  Arc  de  Triomphe  in  Paris; 
and  who,  foreshadowing  the  fate  of  the  filibusters  of  later 
days,  died  in  a  dungeon  at  Cadiz  with  a  chain  about 
his  neck. 

In  this  same  school  young  Pickett  was  well  trained 
for  his  later  career.  During  his  consular  service  in  the 
West  Indies  he  formed  a  most  congenial  intimacy  with 
a  daring  and  enthusiastic  Liberator  who  was  a  friend  of 
Bolivar,  and  had  been  an  officer  in  the  military  service 
of  Spain.  If  this  Liberator  seemed  to  be  visionary  and 
reckless,  it  was  the  extraordinary  success  of  Bolivar  that 
had  helped  to  make  him  so.  Bolivar  successfully  invaded 
the  powerful  State  of  Venezuela  with  an  army  of  five 
hundred  men,  and  was  hailed  as  "the  Washington  of 
the  South."  There  was  good  reason  to  hope  that  what 
Bolivar  had  done  in  Venezuela  might  as  successfully  be 
accomplished  by  Narciso  Lopez  in  Cuba. 

Colonel  James  C.  Pickett,  the  father  of  our  youthful 
Liberator,    was    an    avowed    expansionist;  and    while    he 


44       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

was  the  representative  of  the  United  States  at  Lima  in 
the  "forties"  he  officially  encotiraged  the  designs  of  Com- 
modore Catesby  Jones,  United  States  Navy,  to  take  Cali- 
fornia, in  order  to  forestall  its  seiztire  by  the  British — 
an  act  of  his  which  has  been  designated  as  "an  usurpation 
of  Congressional  power." 

So,  having  come  under  the  attraction  of  all  these 
influences,  John  T.  Pickett,  with  his  ardent  nature  and 
martial  spirit,  could  hardly  have  escaped  being  a  Liber- 
ator. But  he  cherished  no  illusions  in  regard  to  the 
Spanish- American  character,  nor  of  the  capacitv  of  the 
Spanish- American  peoples  for  self-government. 

Thomas  T.  Hawkins,  Major  of  the  Kentucky 

Thomas 

T.  Hawkins.  Regiment,  was  descended  from  a  family  that  had 
been  prominent  in  Virginia  almost  from  the  set- 
tlement of  Jamestown  in  1607,  and  in  Kentucky  from  the 
days  when  it  was  an  unbroken  wilderness.  Green's 
Historic  Families  of  Kentucky  says  that  "Hawkins 
is  a  name  noted  in  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Kentucky, 
and  all  the  way  to  Texas,  for  the  oddity  of  some  and 
the  gallantr}'  of  all  its  members.  The  wife  of  Colonel 
John  Todd,  who  fell  at  the  Blue  Licks;  the  mother  of 
the  gallant  and  honorable  Butlers,  of  CarroUton;  Colonel 
Ben  Hawkins  and  General  William  Hawkins,  of  North 
Carolina;  Colonel   John    Hawkins,    who   was   Adjutant   of 


COLONEL  THOMAS  T.  HAWKINS. 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba       45 

the  Third  Virginia  Regiment  during  the  Revolution,  and 
afterward  removed  to  Scott  Counts",  Kentucky.- — father 
of  Augustiis  Hawkins,  of  Lexington,  and  the  maternal 
ancestor  of  the  Har\-ies,  of  Frankfort;  the  brave  Colonel 
Thomas  T.  Hawkins,  of  Kentuck\-,  and  General  Joseph 
Hawkins,  of  Texas,  were  all  of  the  same  game  breed." 
In  the  Civil  War  Thomas  T.  Hawkins  received  his  first 
appointment  as  Lieutenant  and  aide-de-camp  to  Brigadier- 
General  John  C.  Breckinridge,  then  commanding  the 
"Orphan  Brigade"  of  Kentuck\-  Infantr\-.  After  the 
battle  of  Shiloh.  when  Breckinridge  was  made  a  Major- 
General.  Hawkins  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Colonel. 
He  £er\-ed  during  the  war  with  marked  gaUantiA-  as  a 
staff  officer.  After  the  war  he  was  an  invahd  tmtil  his 
death,  which  occurred  at  Frankfort  in  1879.  He  was 
buried  in  the  State  lot  at  Frankfort  b}^  the  side  of  his 
comrades  in  the  Mexican  War.  He  was  bom  at  Newport, 
Kentuck}'.  in  1820. 

Colonel  Hawkins  was  an  accepted  authority."  on  the 
subject  of  duelling.  He  was  consulted  about  and 
entrusted  with  a  number  of  cases  in  which  such  distin- 
guished citizens  as  John  C.  Breckinridge  and  Stephen  A. 
Douglas  were  concerned.  It  must  be  said  to  his  credit, 
however,  that  while  strictly  guarding  the  honor  of  those 
he  represented,  he  did  all  he  could  to  settle  the  case  with- 
out resort  to  the  field  of  honor. 


46       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

The  Start  On   April   4,    1850,   at  four  o'clock   in  the 

of  the 

Kentucky  afternoon,  the  steamer  Martha  Washington 
Regiment.  swung  from  her  moorings  at  the  foot  of  Vine 
Street,  in  Cincinnati,  having  on  board  Captain  Hardy 
and  one  hundred  and  fifty  men  of  the  Kentucky  Regi- 
ment, who  had  assembled  in  that  city  as  the  most 
convenient  rendezvous  from  which  they  could  start 
for  their  long  trip  to  Cuba.  These  men  were  osten- 
sibly bound  for  Chagres,  where,  it  was  given  out, 
they  would  cross  the  isthmus  of  Panama  and  then  take 
shipping  for  the  gold  fields  of  California ;  but  it  was  almost 
as  well  known  locally  that  they  were  bound  for  Cuba 
as  if  they  had  advertised  the  fact  in  the  newspapers. 
They  took  on  other  men  of  the  command  at  Covington, 
and  at  Louisville  Colonel  O'Hara  and  the  other  officers 
and  privates  of  the  regiment  came  aboard.  Passing 
leisurely  down  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  in  their 
assumed  character  of  adventurers  to  the  gold  fields  of 
California,  on  the  eleventh  of  April  they  disembarked  at 
Freeport,  Louisiana,  three  miles  above  New  Orleans; 
and  the  next  day  they  marched  down  to  Lafayette  and 
went  into  temporary  quarters  until  transportation  to 
Cuba  could  be  provided.  By  this  time  the  regiment 
mustered  two  hundred  and  forty  men,  all  told.  While 
in  waiting,  a  large  number  of  them  were  guilty  of  an  almost 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


47 


fatal  indiscretion  in  going  to  New  Orleans  on  what  they 
supposed  to  be  a  harmless,  even  if  a  mirthful  and  some- 
what boisterous  frolic.  On  the  twenty-fifth  the  regiment 
embarked  on  the  steamer  Georgiana,  and  set  sail  for  the 
island  of  Muergres,  where  they  were  to  effect  a  junction 
with  Lopez  and  the  remainder  of  the  expeditionary  force. 
Xhe  On  the  eighth  of  May,  General  Lopez  and 

Disembarka-   another  scction  of  his  force  left  New  Orleans 

tion. 

on  the  steamer  Creole,  eluding  all  the  vigilance 
of  the  Spanish  Consul  and  his  swarm  of  spies,  who, 
although  they  were  stationed  on  almost  every  comer 
watching  Lopez's  every  movement,  did  not  learn  of  his 
departure  until  the  tenth. 

The  steamer  Susan  Loud,  Captain  Pendleton,  had 
left  New  Orleans  on  the  second  of  May,  cleared  for 
Chagres.  On  the  sixth  she  reached  latitude  26°  north 
and  longitude  87°  west,  in  the  Gulf,  and  here  Colonel 
Wheat,  commanding  the  Louisiana  Regiment,  which  was 
on  board  one  hundred  and  sixty  strong,  announced  the 
purpose  of  the  expedition,  which  had  come  to  this  point 
in  order  to  organize  outside  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United 
States,  which  was  at  peace  with  Spain.  Here  the  Cuban 
flag  was  raised  for  the  first  time  in  history!^     The  skeleton 

•This  flag  is  said  to  have  been  designed  by  Lopez,  and  is  now  the  official  flag 
of  "  Cuba  Libre"— the  same  design  having  been  used  ever  since  by  the  Cuban 
patriots. 


48       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

Louisiana  Regiment  was  then  fully  officered  and  organ- 
ized. On  the  tenth  of  May  the  Susan  Loud  met  the 
Creole  (Captain  Lewis)  at  the  appointed  place  in  the 
Gulf.  The  Creole  then  conveyed,  besides  General  Lopez 
and  his  staff,  the  Mississippi  Regiment,  one  hundred 
and  sixty  strong,  commanded  by  Colonel  W.  T.  Bunch. 
The  force  on  board  the  Susan  Loud  was  here  transferred 
to  the  Creole.  Lopez  persuaded  Captain  Pendleton,  of 
the  Susan  Loud,  to  unite  with  him;  and  the  Creole  set 
sail  for  the  island  of  Muergres,  where  O'Hara  and  the 
Kentucky  Regiment  were  to  meet  the  expedition.  Some 
rough  storms  ensuing,  it  was  discovered  on  the  twelfth 
of  May,  when  the  coast  of  Yucatan  was  first  sighted,  that 
the  Creole  had  been  carried  some  thirty-five  miles  out 
of  her  way,  from  Muergres. 

j^g  The  Georgiana  had  also  missed  her  reckon- 

Union  of  the    j^g,    and   had   cast   anchor   under   the    shelter 

Forces. 

of  the  desolate  island  of  Contoy,  some  ten 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Yucatan  and  probably  about 
thirty  miles  from  the  place  that  had  been  appointed  for 
meeting  with  the  Creole.  At  daylight  on  the  fourteenth 
she  was  sighted  here  by  the  Creole,  which  joined  her  an 
hour  or  so  later.  As  the  detachment  on  the  Georgiana 
was  to  be  transferred  to  the  Creole  for  the  final  essay 
on    Cuba,    the    latter    proceeded    on    the    same    day    to 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba       49 

Muergres  to  lay  in  a  supply  of  water,  the  Georgiana 
remaining  at  Contoy.  During  the  day  or  two  that  was 
necessary  for  this  purpose,  some  very  evident  and  increas- 
ing signs  of  mutiny  became  apparent.  The  members  of 
the  Louisiana  Regiment  became  dissatisfied  because  they 
thought  the  addition  of  the  Kentucky  Regiment  would 
make  too  great  a  load  for  the  Creole,  which  had  been  con- 
demned in  the  Lake  trade  two  years  before.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  Mississippi  Regiment  were  on  the  point  of  open 
revolt  on  account  of  the  petulance  and  arbitrary  con- 
duct of  their  Lieutenant-Colonel,  who,  it  was  said,  never 
seemed  satisfied  unless  he  had  a  quarrel  with  some  one. 
Happily,  Colonel  Wheat  and  the  other  officers  were  able 
to  completely  pacify  the  men,  and  to  render  them  as 
enthusiastic  as  ever  for  the  forthcoming  enterprise. 

General  Lopez  immediately  assembled  the  principal 
officers  (Lieutenant-Colonel  Pickett  representing  the 
absent  Kentuckians) ,  and  submitted  to  them  a  Cuban 
Declaration  of  Rights,  which  was  in  many  respects  very 
similar  to  the  American  Declaration  of  Independence; 
together  with  the  basis  of  a  provisional  government  for 
which  to  raise  the  standard  in  Cuba;  both  of  which  were 
highly  approved. 

While  at  Muergres  thirteen  men  deserted  and  raised 
the   black   flag.     They   were    all   foreign   adventurers,    or 


50       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

worse,  who  had  been  recruited  in  New  Orleans.  Some 
of  the  officers  wished  to  fire  on  them,  but  Lopez  forbade 
it.  He  said  he  desired  none  to  go  with  him  except  good 
men,  and  such  as  did  so  voluntarily;  and  that  any  who 
desired  to  abandon  the  expedition  before  reaching  Cuba 
were  at  liberty  to  do  so.  As  to  the  thirteen  deserters, 
their  subsequent  adventures  constitute  quite  a  chapter 
of  horrors. 

On  the  eighteenth  the  Creole  rejoined  Colonel  O'Hara 
at  Contoy.  He  reported  that  on  the  previous  day  he 
had  been  reconnoitered  by  two  small  vessels,  which  had 
sailed  away  for  Havana,  as  he  thought,  to  report  what 
they  had  seen.  The  two  ships  were  lashed  together,  and 
the  men  and  cargo  of  the  Georgiana  were  soon  trans- 
shipped to  the  Creole.  General  Lopez  again  offered  all 
who  desired  to  return  to  the  United  States  an  oppor- 
tunity of  doing  so,  and  thirty  men  availed  themselves 
of  the  offer.  Within  a  day  or  two  afterward  the  Geor- 
giana was  taken  by  the  Spaniards,  together  with  these 
luckless  wights,  and  quite  a  large  niimber  of  letters  that 
had  been  written  to  sweethearts  and  wives  by  the  Liber- 
ators, as  the  soldiers  of  the  expedition  called  themselves. 
A  day  or  two  later  all  Havana  was  making  merry  over 
the  contents  of  these  letters,  which  had  been  translated, 
printed,  and  hawked  about  the  streets  of  the  city.     The 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba        51 

Susan  Lotid  was  also  captured  by  the  Spaniards  before 
she  could  get  back  to  New  Orleans,  with  the  one  man 
who  had  elected  to  abandon  the  expedition  when  she 
did.  He  had  been  married  only  a  few  days  before  he 
started  on  the  expedition,  and  was  pining  for  his  bride. 
The  Spaniards  shot  him. 

At  midnight  on  the  sixteenth  the  Creole  left  the  shelter 
of  the  lee  shore  of  the  island  of  Contoy,  and  put  to  sea, 
heading  for  Cuba;  but  it  was  necessary  to  keep  her  bow 
in  the  eye  of  the  wind,  and  by  this  means  she  was  thrown 
four  points  out  of  her  way,  which  was  the  occasion  of 
her  avoiding  the  Spanish  steamers  Pizarro  and  Habanero, 
that  had  been  sent  from  Havana  to  take  her,  and  which 
did  take  the  Georgiana  the  next  day. 
jhe  After   a   very   perilous   and   stormy   night, 

Plan  of  -tj^g  morning  of  the  seventeenth  dawned  bright 

Campaign. 

and  clear.  Lopez  then  officially  announced 
his  staff,  headed  by  the  distinguished  and  gallant  A.  J. 
Gonzales,  a  native  of  Matanzas,  as  Adjutant-General. 
He  also  on  this  day,  for  the  first  time,  announced  to  his 
officers  the  plans  of  the  campaign;  which,  briefly  stated, 
were  as  follows: 

First,  to  land  at  Cardenas  at  night,  and  surprise  and 
take  that  place. 

Second,  to  proceed  to  Matanzas,  thirty  miles  distant, 
arriving  at  seven  o'clock  in  the  morning;  and,  after  tak- 


52        Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

ing  it,  one  hundred  picked  men  were  to  be  sent  to  within 
nine  miles  of  Havana  to  blow  up  an  important  bridge 
there,  and  also  to  destroy  and  obstruct  the  road  generally. 

Third,  these  returning  to  Matanzas,  the  three  skeleton 
regiments  were  to  be  filled  up  with  native  recruits,  and 
three  new  regiments  were  to  be  raised,  making  an  aggre- 
gate force  of  five  thousand  men,  all  of  whom  were  to  be 
mounted. 

General  Lopez  expected  that  within  two  days  after 
landing  he  would  be  able  to  take  the  line  of  march  for 
an  aggressive  campaign  at  the  head  of  thirty  thousand 
men,  and  shortly  to  be  encamped  before  Havana. 

On  the  morning  of  the  eighteenth,  active  prepara- 
tions were  begun  for  the  expected  disembarkation  upon 
the  shores  of  Cuba,  as  it  was  now  apparent  that  this 
important  act  should  not  be  long  delayed.  Some  dif- 
ferences and  disputes  having  arisen  between  the  com- 
manders of  the  three  regiments  as  to  which  of  them  should 
have  the  honor  of  being  foremost  in  landing  his  troops 
and  striking  the  first  blow  for  Cuban  liberty,  a  council 
of  war  was  convened  to  decide  this  delicate  question. 
The  boxes  of  arms  were  then  for  the  first  time  opened, 
and  the  different  regiments  were  given  the  choice  of  guns 
in  the  order  in  which  it  had  been  decided  they  should 
land.     The    Kentuckians,    coming    first,    chose    rifles;  the 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


53 


Mississippians  chose  yagers;  the  Louisianians  took  mus- 
kets; and  each  regiment  actually  got  its  first  choice  of 
arms.  Nearly  every  man  in  the  expedition  had  a  knife 
and  a  revolver  of  his  own  providing. 

Cardenas  is  situated  on  the  northwest 
Cardenas.  coast  of  Cuba,  some  thirty  miles  from 
Matanzas  and  eighty-five  miles  from  Havana. 
It  was  even  then  a  town  of  considerable  population,  and 
was  known  in  Cuba  as  "the  American  city,"  on  account 
of  the  large  number  of  Americans  engaged  in  business 
in  the  town,  as  well  as  from  the  fact  that  the  English 
language  was  almost  universally  spoken  there.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  modern  cities  in  Cuba,  having  been  founded 
in  1828.  It  is  situated  directly  on  the  bay  of  Cardenas, 
which  is  twelve  miles  long  by  eighteen  miles  wide,  and 
was  then,  as  now,  entirely  undefended  by  fortifications. 
The  bay  is  so  shallow  near  the  shore  that  no  anchorage 
ground  can  be  found  closer  than  three  fourths  of  a  mile 
to  two  miles. 

At  half -past  two  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  May  19, 
1850,  the  Creole  entered  the  bay  of  Cardenas,  but  had 
not  proceeded  far  before  she  grounded  upon  a  coral  reef, 
where  it  seemed  likely  she  would  stick  indefinitely;  but 
a  daring  young  soldier  named  Faysotix  swam  off  with 
a  rope   between   his  teeth  to  a  neighboring   little  island, 


54       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

by  means  of  which  the  Liberators  were  enabled  to 
approach,  but  not  before  there  had  been  a  delay  of  thirty 
minutes,  diiring  which  the  alarm  had  been  given  in  the 
town;  and  it  was  believed  (as  afterward  transpired  to 
be  a  fact)  that  messengers  had  been  sent  to  Matanzas 
to  apprise  the  troops  there  of  the  invasion. 
-Phe  The    first    landing    was    effected    by    Lieu- 

Disembarka=   tenant-Colonel  Pickett  and  sixty  Kentuckians. 

tion. 

They  were  the  first  people  who  ever  landed  on 
Cuban  soil  for  the  distinct  and  avowed  purpose  of  freeing 
the  Cubans  from  the  bitter  oppression  to  which  they  had 
been  so  long  subjected  b)'  the  cruel  and  bloody  tyranny 
of  Spain.  According  to  the  plan  of  battle  which  had 
been  agreed  upon,  Pickett  and  his  little  force  marched 
at  once  and  took  possession  of  the  railway  depot  which 
afforded  communication  with  Matanzas,  so  that  in  the 
event  of  a  reinforcement  of  troops  coming  unexpectedly 
from  that  city  by  rail,  they  might  be  intercepted. 

Colonel  O'Hara  and  the  remainder  of  the  Kentucky 
Regiment,  accompanied  by  General  Lopez  and  his  staff, 
were  the  next  to  land.  Colonel  O'Hara  was  sent  to 
attack  the  barracks,  in  which  some  four  hundred  Spanish 
regulars  were  quartered.  O'Hara 's  force  amounted  to 
one  hundred  and  eighty  men,  exclusive  of  those  who 
were     with     Pickett.     The    Louisiana    Regiment    landed 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


55 


immediately  after,  one  hundred  and  thirty  strong,  and 
was  sent  to  assist  O'Hara;  as  was  also  the  Mississippi 
Regiment,  about  one  hundred  and  forty-five  men,  as 
soon  as  it  was  landed. 

The  His  force  being  assembled,  O'Hara  ordered 

Battle  of        a  charge  upon  the  barracks,  leading  it  in  per- 

Cardenas. 

son;  and  at  the  first  fire  of  the  enemy  he 
received  a  disabling  wound,  which  barely  escaped  being 
mortal.  He  was  the  first  man  hit;  so  his  was  the  -first 
foreign  blood  ever  shed  for  Cuban  liberty.  When  he  fell 
the  intrepid  Major  Hawkins  assimied  the  command  and 
gallantly  led  another  charge.  At  this  point  General 
Lopez  came  up  and  directed  his  men  to  cease  firing;  and 
he  boldly  marched  up  to  the  barracks,  alone,  and 
demanded  a  surrender.  This  was  agreed  to;  the  stout 
doors  were  opened,  and  the  fortress  yielded.  But  while 
this  was  transacting  the  most  of  the  garrison  had  escaped 
through  a  side  door  leading  into  the  plaza. 

Colonel  Wheat,  of  the  Louisiana  Regiment,  being 
posted  on  a  street  in  the  rear  of  the  barracks,  supposed 
that  the  firing  was  a  salute  of  honor  to  Lopez;  and,  rais- 
ing a  cheer  for  "Lopez  and  Liberty,"  he  rushed  through 
a  side  street  with  his  men,  in  order  to  join  in  the  jubi- 
lation. This  brought  him  to  the  plaza,  where  he  was 
fired    upon    by    the    retreating    Spaniards;  and    he,    also, 


56       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

received  a  wound  that  disabled  him.  The  fire  of  the 
Spaniards  was  returned  and  a  number  of  them  were 
killed,  but  their  retreat  was  not  checked;  though  shortly 
afterward  they  surrendered  in  a  body. 

The  Governor  of  the  town,  Senor  Ceruti,  with  a  body 
of  troops,  took  refuge  in  his  palace,  which  was  gallantly 
defended  when  attacked  by  the  Louisiana  Regiment  and 
one  company  of  the  Kentuckians.  The  Governor  called 
a  parley,  and  offered  to  surrender  the  palace;  but  when 
the  Americans  rushed  forward  to  take  possession  of  it 
they  were  treacherously  fired  upon  b}^  some  of  its 
defenders.  Several  of  the  assailants  were  wounded, 
including  General  Gonzales.  Lopez,  becoming  exasper- 
ated at  the  perfidy  of  Governor  Ceruti,  seized  a  firebrand, 
and,  rushing  into  the  entrance  that  had  already  been 
effected  by  his  men,  set  fire  with  his  own  hands  to  the 
building.  The  defense  of  the  palace,  however,  was  con- 
tinued as  best  it  might  be  under  the  circumstances  until 
eight  o'clock  the  next  morning,  when  the  Governor  and 
garrison  surrendered  unconditionally.  Lopez's  entire  loss 
was  three  killed  and  nine  wounded. 

Lopez  now  held  undisputed  and  peaceable 
The 
Victory.  possession  of  the  town,  and  the  Cubans  flocked 

about  him  with  every  demonstration  of  sym- 

path}^    and    welcome;  and,    upon    his    solicitation,    some 

forty  or  fifty  of  the  captured  Spanish  regulars  threw  off 


Lopez's   Expeditions    to   Cub: 


57 


the  livery  of  Spain,  donned  the  red  shirts  of  the  Liber- 
ators, and  were  mustered  into  the  Army  of  Dehverance. 
Many  of  the  natives  also  joined  him;  and  there  appears 
to  be  little  or  no  doubt  that  if  circumstances  had  been 
such  as  to  admit  of  his  proceeding  according  to  his  origi- 
nal plan,  the  Cardenas  Expedition  might  have  succeeded 
in  establishing  the  free  republic  of  Cuba. 

Colonel  Pickett  had  not  been  idle  at  the  Matanzas 
railway  depot.  He  had  seized  upon  all  the  rolling  stock 
anywhere  near  it,  and  by  the  dawn  of  day  had  three  loco- 
motives fired  up  and  cars  ready  to  transport  the  entire 
force  to  Matanzas.  But  this  was  not  to  be.  It  was 
known  to  a  certainty  that  the  large  force  of  troops  at 
Matanzas  had  been  advised  of  what  was  going  on  at  Car- 
denas, and  could  not  now  be  surprised  according  to  the 
plan;  and  as  they  could  not  be  surprised,  then  there 
was  no  hope  of  taking  Matanzas.  Lopez  therefore  deter- 
mined to  reship  his  men  on  board  the  Creole  and  head 
for  Mantua,  or  some  other  point  on  the  coast  where  he 
had  personal  friends;  and  where,  as  he  had  reason  to 
believe,  there  were  numerous  friends  to  his  cause,  and 
from  that  point  to  begin  the  revolution  anew. 

Therefore,    at    two    o'clock    on    the    after- 

The 

Retreat.  noon    of    the    twentieth    of    May,    the    troops 

were  ordered  on  board  the  Creole,  a  movement 

which  was  effected  only  after  considerable  delay.     While 


58       Lopez's   Expeditions    to   Cuba 

the  embarkation  was  going  on,  Colonel  Pickett,  with  his 
sixty  Kentuckians,  remained  on  shore  to  hold  the  town. 
While  on  this  duty  a  force  of  some  six  or  seven  hundred 
Spaniards,  under  the  command  of  a  major-general,  came 
in  from  their  encampment  in  the  healthy  highlands  some 
nine  miles  distant.  The  first  attack  was  made  by  a  fine- 
looking  body  of  mounted  lancers,  three  hundred  strong, 
who  came  down  like  a  whirlwind  upon  Pickett's  hand- 
ful of  Kentuckians.  These  stood  their  ground  man- 
fully, repulsing  charge  after  charge,  finally  driving  the 
enemy  out  of  the  town;  when  they  too  were  embarked 
in  safety  upon  the  Creole.  But  the  gallant  Captain  John 
A.  Logan,  scion  of  one  of  the  most  historic  families  of 
Kentucky,  had  been  mortally  wounded,  and  was  borne 
aboard  the  ship  in  the  arms  of  the  chivalrous  John  T. 
Pickett  and  the  knightly  Thomas  T.  Hawkins,  assisted 
by  Augustine  Martinas,  a  Mexican  boy  who  had  left  his 
home  and  followed  Captain  Logan  to  Kentucky  after  the 
Mexican  War  was  over.  This  lad's  devotion  to  Captain 
Logan  is  said  to  have  been  touching.  Logan  died  that  day, 
and  his  body  was  committed  to  the  deep.  "  Buried  at 
sea.  May  20,  1850,"  is  the  brief  inscription  on  the  cenotaph 
of  this  gallant  man  who  gave  his  life  for  his  fellow  men. 
When  the  Spanish  troops  made  their  dash  into  the 
streets  of  Cardenas  that  afternoon,  the  Cubans  who  had 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


59 


been  so  patriotically  demonstrative  and  so  effusively 
gracious  to  their  liberators  only  that  morning,  at  once 
turned  their  coats,  got  their  guns,  and  joined  with  the 
regulars  in  the  attack  on  Pickett's  devoted  little  band. 
Not  that  their  hearts  were  in  this  treachery,  perhaps, 
for  doubtless  they  had  been  perfectly  sincere  in  their 
welcome  to  the  Liberators,  but  long  and  bitter  expe- 
rience with  their  Spanish  masters  had  taught  them  that 
Cuba  would  not  now  suffice  to  hold  them  alive  unless  they 
could  first  demonstrate  their  loyalty  to  Spain  by  openly 
and  actively  showing  hostility  to  the  invaders.  When 
the  Spaniards  had  been  driven  out.  Colonel  Pickett  recog- 
nized in  one  of  their  dead,  left  lying  upon  the  street,  a 
Cuban  who  had  greeted  him  most  cordially  that  morn- 
ing, and  in  the  sincerity  of  whose  devotion  to  the  Cuban 
cause  he  had  the  utmost  faith.  The  man  saw  the  Amer- 
icans leaving,  and  the  Spaniards  coming,  and  he  believed 
that  he  needs  must  turn  his  coat  lest  worse  befall.  The 
Spanish  regulars  who  had  joined  Lopez  remained  with 
him,  and  were  embarked  upon  the  Creole  along  with 
the  other  troops.  Lopez,  so  the  Spaniards  said,  took 
a  large  sum  of  money  from  the  public  treasury  of  Car- 
denas. He  certainly  did  take  Governor  Ceruti  and  two 
Spanish  officers  with  him;  but  when  well  out  at  sea  he 
hailed   a   passing   fishing   smack,    upon   which   he   placed 


6o       Lopez's   Expeditions   to   Cuba 

them;  and  then  bidding  them  to  be  good  boys  and  take 
care  of  themselves,  he  set  them  adrift  to  make  their  way 
back  as  best  they  might,  a  task  which  they  safely  and 
speedily  accomplished. 

Going  out  of  Cardenas  Bay,  the  Creole  again  went 
aground  upon  a  sunken  coral  reef,  and  as  it  seemed 
impossible  to  get  her  off,  and  delay  being  dangerous, 
she  was  lightened  by  the  casting  overboard  of  all  the 
heavy  provisions,  arms  and  ammunition.  As  this  did 
not  suffice  to  start  her,  the  men  were  sent  by  boat  to  a 
little  island  near  by.  Being  thus  lightened,  a  press  of 
steam  was  put  on  and  the  ship  glided  off  the  bar;  and 
at  half-past  four  in  the  afternoon  she  was  again  under 
way.  The  intention  still  was  to  head  her  for  Mantua; 
but  the  men  protested.  They  argued,  and  very  wisely, 
that  as  their  arms,  munitions,  and  provisions  were  now 
at  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  it  would  be  suicidal  to  attempt 
to  prosecute  the  expedition  further.  Lopez  wept,  resigned 
his  command,  and  desired  to  be  landed  alone  in  Cuba; 
the  officers  begged  and  expostulated,  but  the  men 
remained  firm  in  their  determination  to  return  to  the 
United  States.  They  had  no  objection,  they  said,  to 
taking  their  chances  in  the  fortunes  of  war  when  prop- 
erly equipped,  but  they  had  no  mind  to  offer  themselves 
as  helpless  and  useless  sacrifices,   as  must  inevitably  be 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba       6i 

the  result  if  they  shottld  invade  Cuba  without  arms  or 
the  sinews  of  war.  By  this  time  they  were  beginning 
to  have  their  doubts  as  to  whether  the  Cubans  them- 
selves would  render  any  assistance  in  their  own  cause. 
The  Creole  was  therefore  headed  for  Key  West.  At 
seven  o'clock  in  the  evening  the  Liberators  found  that 
they  had  missed  the  northwest  passage,  through  which 
they  had  intended  to  go.  They  afterward  considered 
this  providential,  when  they  learned  that  the  Pizarro 
was  quietly  waiting  for  them  in  that  pass,  and  would 
undoubtedly  have  sunk  them,  or  made  them  prisoners, 
had  they  gone  there. 

^^g  At   eight   o'clock   on    the    morning   of    the 

stern  twenty-first  of  May,   when  within  forty  miles 

Chase. 

of  Key  West,  which  they  could  reach  in  about 
four  hours,  they  perceived  the  smoke  of  the  steamer 
Pizarro  on  the  northwestern  horizon,  and  nearer  to  Key 
West  than  they  were.  An  hour  later  they  were  within 
thirty  miles  of  Key  West,  carrying  all  the  steam  they 
dared,  and  more  than  was  safe.  They  must  outsail  the 
Pizarro  or  they  were  lost;  for  to  their  right  was  a  chain 
of  islands,  on  the  reefs  of  which  they  would  go  aground 
should  they  attempt  flight  in  that  direction;  and  on  the 
left  was  the  Pizarro,  nearing  them  rapidly.  It  was  appar- 
ent  that   she   could   outsail   them,    and   great   uneasiness 


62        Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

was  felt  by  all.  But  the  Creole  had  such  a  lead  that, 
notwithstanding  the  Pizarro's  greater  speed,  she  would 
be  unable  to  come  up  with  the  little  ship  until  she 
had  approached  within  five  or  six  miles  of  Key  West; 
and  not  even  then,  unless  the  Spaniard  could  get  a 
pilot. 

Lopez  hastily  summoned  a  covmcil  of  war  to  deter- 
mine what  shotdd  be  done  in  the  event  (which  seemed 
imminent)  of  the  Pizarro  coming  up  with  them.  In  the 
midst  of  the  coioncil  a  pistol  fell,  and  exploding,  the  bullet 
passed  through  Major  Hawkins'  leg.  Without  the  move- 
ment or  twitching  of  a  muscle  to  betray  the  pain  he  felt, 
he  sat  still  until  the  council  adjourned.  The  decision 
was  reached  that  in  case  the  Pizarro  shoiild  overtake 
them  they  woiold  grapple  with  her  and  board  her,  as  they 
still  had  their  pistols  and  knives;  and  in  the  event  of 
not  holding  their  own  in  this  unequal  contest,  then  they 
would  blow  up  the  Creole  and  destroy  themselves  and 
the  Spaniard  together,  rather  than  be  taken.  Major 
Hawkins'  companions  had  no  suspicion  that  he  was 
woimded  until  the  council  adjourned. 

Barrels  of  resin  and  unlimited  supplies  of  coal  were 
piled  into  the  Creole's  furnaces,  and  caution  and  pru- 
dence were  thrown  to  the  winds  and  forgotten.  Although 
the    Pizarro   was   the    speedier    ship,    yet    the    Americans 


Lopez's    Expeditions   to    Cuba       63 

were  now  confident  that  the  Creole  covild  beat  her  into 
Key  West — if  nothing  broke! 

Nearing  Key  West,  the  Pizarro,  not  knowing  her  way, 
stopped  to  pick  up  a  pilot.  The  man  knew  well  enough 
what  was  in  the  wind,  and  as  his  sympathies  were  with 
the  Americans,  he  parleyed  and  dilly-dallied  in  order 
to  give  the  Creole  a  still  greater  lead,  imtil  the  commander 
of  the  Pizarro  finally  took  him  by  force,  and  ordered  him 
upon  the  peril  of  his  life  to  catch  the  Creole.  He  soon 
discovered  that  he  could  do  this,  as  the  Pizarro  could 
outrun  her  chase,  and  he  then  ran  the  Spaniard  aground. 
This  saved  the  Cuban  Liberators,  who  went  churning 
and  frothing  through  the  waves  under  a  powerful  head 
of  steam  into  Key  West  harbor.  They  paid  not  the 
slightest  attention  to  the  port  warden  and  health  officer, 
who  met  them  at  the  quarantine  station  and  ordered 
them  to  stop,  but  kept  straight  on;  and  running  about 
two  hundred  yards  beyond  the  wharf,  cast  anchor,  the 
long  and  desperate  chase  being  over.  They  did  not  dream 
that  the  Spaniard  would  have  the  effrontery  to  enter 
an  American  harbor  and  attempt  to  take  them  there. 
But,  before  their  anchor  was  fairly  down,  they  saw  the 
Pizarro  steaming  right  into  the  harbor  and  bearing 
directly  down  upon  them.  At  the  distance  of  between 
three  and  four  hundred  yards  she  brought  her  broadside 


64       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

to  bear  upon  the  Creole,  with  the  unmistakable  inten- 
tion of  raking  her;  but  the  United  States  ship,  The  Petrel, 
lay  just  beyond  the  Creole.  Her  commander,  Lieutenant 
Rogers,  ran  up  the  stars  and  stripes,  and  then  the 
Spaniard  did  not  dare  to  fire.  In  the  meantime  the 
Creole  imshipped  her  anchor  and  made  the  wharf,  and 
within  five  minutes  afterward  the  Liberators  were  all 
ashore,  and  scattered  throughout  the  town. 

The  captain  of  the  Pizarro,  with  some  of  his  officers, 
also  came  ashore;  and  seeking  out  the  United  States 
Marshal,  who  had  been  standing  on  the  wharf  an  inter- 
ested spectator  of  these  exciting  incidents,  he  asked, 
with  all  the  insolence  he  could  command: 

"  Why  did  you  permit  those  pirates  to  land  at  Key 
West?" 

"If  it  comes  to  that,"  retorted  the  Marshal,  "why 
did  you  permit  them  to  land  at  Cardenas?" 

Many  of  the  members  of  the  expedition  were  stranded 
at  Key  West  with  little  or  no  money;  and  it  was  some 
weeks  before  they  were  all  supplied  so  they  could  return 
to  their  homes.  Lopez  himself  was  shortly  afterward 
arrested  at  Savannah  on  the  charge  of  leading  a  hostile 
expedition  from  the  shores  of  the  United  States  against 
a  power  with  which  this   countr}^  was   at  peace;  but  as 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to   Cuba       65 

no   testimony   was   submitted  in   support  of  the   charge, 
he  was  acquitted. 

In  its  general  results  the  Cardena-s  Expedition  was 
considered  a  success  by  its  friends,  and  by  the  people 
at  large  in  the  United  States;  so  hardly  a  moment  was 
lost  in  making  preparations  for  another  expedition,  which, 
it  was  hoped,   would  accomplish  all  that  was  desired. 


66       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

III 
THE   BAHIA   HONDA   EXPEDITION 

The  results  of  the  Cardenas  Expedition  having  been 
satisfactory,  so  far  as  they  went,  and  as  it  was  believed 
that  the  expedition  would  actually  have  resulted  in  the 
establishment  of  Cuban  independence,  except  that  the 
plans  miscarried  by  premature  exposure,  General  Lopez 
had  no  great  difficulty  in  again  exciting  considerable 
interest  in  his  project  among  the  people  of  the  United 
States,  and  more  especially  in  the  Southern  States.  In 
all  his  efforts  to  this  end  he  was  ably  seconded  by  Mr. 
L.  J.  Sigur,  an  exiled  Cuban  patriot  of  wealth,  who  was 
one  of  the  principal  owners  of  the  New  Orleans  True  Delta. 
This  paper  had  a  wide  circvilation  in  the  South,  and  it 
bent  all  its  energies  and  exerted  all  its  influence  toward 
building  up  an  interest  in  Cuban  independence  that  wotdd 
result  in  strong  expeditions  of  armed  men  from  the  United 
States  going  to  Cuba  to  assist  in  the  establishment  of 
the  purposed  Cuban  republic. 

In  the  meantime,  the  agents  of  Lopez  were  also  active 
in  the  island  of  Cuba,  stirring  up  the  natives  to  the  point 
of  open  revolt,  they  being  assvured  that  they  woiild  be 
strongly    supported   by    armed   forces    from    the    United 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba       67 

States   in    any  attempt   they  might   make    to   throw  off 
the  yoke  of  Spain. 

An  Alleged  ^^  ^^^  extensively  published  in  the  United 

Revolt  States  that  in  July,   185 1,  the  patriots  of  the 

in  Cuba. 

town  of  Puerto  Principe  had  arisen  in  revolt, 
and  that  on  the  fourth  of  the  same  month  large  numbers 
of  them  from  this  and  other  towns  had  met  at  Cascorro 
and  issued  a  declaration  of  Cuban  independence.  A 
provisional  government  was  established  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Don  Joaquin  de  Aguero,  and  patriotic  circulars 
were  disseminated  throughout  the  island  urging  the 
natives  to  rise  and  strike  a  blow  for  liberty.  Lopez  was 
formally  invited  to  come  over  from  the  United  States 
with  such  force  as  he  could  bring  from  thence,  and  to 
assume  charge  of  the  patriot  army,  as  its  general.  Town 
after  town  pronounced  for  free  Cuba,  the  principal  ones 
being  Puerto  Principe,  Libanicu,  Cienfuegos,  Villa  Clara, 
Trinidad,  Santa  Espiritu,  and  Las  Tunas,  the  latter  being 
for  a  time  the  capital  of  the  provisional  government. 
All  this  was  published  in  the  American  newspapers,  but 
it  is  believed  now  that  there  was  very  little,  if  any,  foun- 
dation for  any  of  it.  It  was  also  reported  that  the 
patriot  army  had  enlisted  several  thousand  men;  and 
that  these,  although  poorly  armed  and  equipped,  had 
practically  won  all  the  engagements  they  had  had  with  the 


68       Lopez's   Expeditions   to    Cuba 

government  troops.  It  was  even  published  that  four 
companies  of  Spanish  regulars  had  gone  over  to  the 
patriots  in  a  body;  and  there  was  a  feeling  that  nearly- 
all  of  them  then  in  the  island  would  take  advantage  of 
the  first  favorable  opportunity  for  doing  the  same  thing. 
There  seemed  to  be  very  good  grounds  for  believing  that 
the  Spanish  authorities  in  Havana  had  very  little  faith 
in  the  loyalty  and  fidelity  of  their  own  troops. 
Organizing  ^^   this  juncture   General   Lopez,   who   for 

t*"^  more  than  a  year  had  been  working  to  bring 

Expedition.  i  i  j 

matters  to  this  pass,  began  to  assemble  and 
organize  his  forces  in  the  United  States.  During  the 
month  of  Jvily,  185 1,  his  unorganized  recruits  were  given 
the  word  to  assemble  quietly  in  New  Orleans,  where  they 
were  secretly  organized  into  companies  and  regiments, 
the  officers  of  which  were  regularly  commissioned.  Mr. 
Sigur,  of  the  New  Orleans  Delta,  appears  to  have  been 
the  moving  spirit  of  the  whole  affair;  and  it  seems  that 
he  told  the  members  of  the  proposed  expedition  that  a 
revolt  was  regularly  organized  among  the  Creoles  through- 
out Cuba;  that  they  had  elected  General  Lopez  their 
leader;  and  that  their  object  was  to  free  Cuba  from  the 
tyranny  of  Spain,  and  either  form  a  republic  of  their 
own  or  annex  the  island  to  the  United  States.  He  also 
told  them  that  the  expedition  Lopez  was  about  to  take 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to   Cuba       69 

to  Cuba  would  consist  of  some  five  hundred  Americans; 
that  his  landing  was  to  be  the  signal  for  a  general 
rising  throughout  the  island;  and  that  within  ten  days 
after  landing  he  would  be  at  the  head  of  an  army  of 
ten  thousand  men. 

jhe  General  Lopez  had  made  arrangements  by 

Kentucky       which  a  Splendid  regiment  of   more   than  six 

Regiment. 

hundred  Kentuckians,  under  his  gallant  young 
friend,  Major  Thomas  T.  Hawkins,  was  to  arrive  in  New 
Orleans  about  the  time  he  had  first  set  for  his  own  depar- 
ture for  Cuba.  His  departure,  however,  was  precipitated  by 
the  accounts  of  the  Principe,  Trinidad,  and  other  risings; 
and  instead  of  going  to  Cuba  with  the  Kentucky  Regi- 
ment, which  had  been  organized  for  the  expedition  and 
was  composed  of  the  very  best  materials,  he  left  that 
regiment  to  follow  as  a  reinforcement,  carrying  with  him 
a  body  of  men  who  were  really  raised  in  New  Orleans 
within  forty-eight  hours.  Major  Hawkins,  with  Colonel 
J.  T.  Pickett,  arrived  in  New  Orleans  the  day  after 
Lopez's  departure;  and  the  regiment  (nearly  seven  hun- 
dred men,  all  Kentuckians)  arrived  a  few  days  after- 
ward, on  the  evening  of  the  ninth  and  the  morning  of 
the  tenth  of  August.  Lopez's  parting  directions  were 
not  to  let  Hawkins  lose  twenty-four  hours  in  starting. 
Pickett  and  Hawkins  were  all  impatience  to  go — Hawkins 


70       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

generously  resigning  to  his  friend  Pickett  the  rank  in 
the  regiment  which  was  to  have  been  his  own. 

The  original  arrangement  was  that  Colonel  William 
Logan  Crittenden  was  to  command  the  Kentucky  Regi- 
ment; but  when  Lopez's  departure  was  precipitated  by 
the  accounts  from  Cuba,  and  he  determined  to  convert 
this  regiment  into  a  reinforcement  (instead  of  its  form- 
ing the  body  of  the  main  expedition,  as  was  at  first 
intended),  Crittenden  was  not  willing  to  be  left  behind, 
and  hastily  raised  a  small  body  of  men,  with  the  gallant 
Victor  Ker  and  a  few  others  of  the  flower  of  the  yoimg 
men  of  New  Orleans,  with  whom  he  accompanied  the 
expedition.  The  understanding  then  was  that  he  would 
either  have  the  command  of  a  regiment  of  artiller}',  or 
else  take  command  of  the  Kentucky  Regiment  which 
had  been  raised  by  Hawkins,  under  the  direction  of 
Lopez,  through  Crittenden;  and  which  was  expected  to 
follow  close  upon  Lopez's  heels. 

Major  Louis  Schlesinger,  of  Hungary  (late  of  Kossuth's 
band  of  defeated  Hungarian  patriots),  who  accompanied 
Lopez  in  this  expedition,  wrote  afterward  that  "the 
Kentuck}'  regiment  was  a  most  noble  bod}-  of  men — 
intelligent,  stead3^  and  reliable  for  anything;  men  from 
whom  the  strictest  subordination  and  intelligent  obedience 
could  always  have  been  looked  for  without  fear  of  dis- 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba       71 

appointment.  Such  men  were  these  Kentuckians  that, 
during  the  riots  which  followed  the  news  of  the  Atares 
massacre,  the  city  authorities  of  New  Orleans  actually 
committed  chiefly  to  them  the  protection  of  the  city 
by  placing  arms  in  the  hands  of  five  hundred  of  them 
for  that  purpose,  in  preference  to  calling  on  their  own 
militia.  Their  conduct  merited  and  received  the  highest 
praise  from  all  quarters.  Intelligence  and  self-respect 
supplied  the  place  of  discipline  and  training,  and  veteran 
troops  could  not  have  better  obeyed  and  executed  every 
order  of  their  officers." 

The  Major     Schlesinger,    in     April,     185 1,     had 

Expeditionary  recruited  in   New  York  City  several  hundred 

Force. 

refugee  Hungarian  and  Polish  patriots  for  the 
Bahia  Honda  Expedition,  but  they  were  prevented  from 
sailing  for  New  Orleans  by  the  United  States  authorities. 
Major  Schlesinger  was  arrested  and  held  for  trial;  but 
as  the  trial  was  postponed  for  several  months  he,  in  the 
meantime,  went  to  New  Orleans  and  joined  the  expedi- 
tion that  left  there  in  August. 

Lopez  could  not  speak  English,  and  he  offered  the 
command  of  the  expedition  first  to  Jefferson  Davis,  then 
a  United  States  Senator,  who  declined,  and  recommended 
Robert  E.  Lee,  then  a  major  in  the  United  States  army, 
who  also  declined. 


72        Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

The  force  that  actually  sailed  for  Cuba  was  constituted 
as  follows: 

General  and  staff:  General  Lopez,  commander-in- 
chief;  General  Pragay,  chief  of  staff  and  second  in  com- 
mand; Colonel  Bliunenthal,  Major  Schlesinger,  Captain 
Radnitz,  Lieutenant  Lewohl,  Lieutenant  Rekendorf  (all 
Hungarians,  except  Lopez),  Doctor  Foumiquet,  surgeon, 
and  Gilman  A.  Cook,  commissary. 

First  Regiment  of  Infantry,  under  Colonel  Robert 
L.  Downman  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  Haynes,  consisting 
of  Companies  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  and  F,  the  respective  cap- 
tains of  which  were  Ellis,  Johnson,  Brigham,  Gouti  (or 
Gotay),  Jackson,  and  Stewart;  two  hundred  and  nine- 
teen, all  told.  Colonel  Downman  had  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Mexican  War. 

First  Regiment  of  Artillery,  under  Colonel  Crittenden, 
consisting  of  Companies  A,  B,  and  C,  under  Captains 
Kelly,  Sanders,  and  Ker,  respectively;  one  hundred  and 
fourteen  strong. 

A  nominal  regiment  of  Cubans,  called  the  First  Regi- 
ment of  Cuban  Patriots,  commanded  by  Captain  Oberto. 

An  independent  company  of  Cubans,  forty-nine  strong. 

Nine  Germans  and  nine  Hungarians,  under  Captain 
Schlict. 

If  transportation  could  have  been  secured  to  carry 
them    to    Cuba,    thousands    of    men    could    have    been 


COLONEL  WILLIAM  LOGAN  CRITTENDEN. 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba        73 

recruited  in  New  Orleans.  As  it  was,  when  they  reached 
Balize,  Lopez  sent  back  a  number  of  his  men,  as  the 
ship  was  overcrowded. 

Colonel  Colonel    William    Logan   Crittenden   was   a 

William  L.      graduate    of    the    Military   Academy   at    West 

Crittenden. 

Point;  had  served  with  distinction  and  con- 
spicuous gallantry  in  the  Mexican  War;  and  he  resigned 
his  commission  in  the  regular  army  of  the  United  States 
for  the  purpose  of  accompanying  Lopez  in  the  expedi- 
tion for  freeing  Cuba;  accepting  in  the  meantime,  how- 
ever, a  position  in  the  custom  house  at  New  Orleans. 
He  was  descended  from  the  most  distinguished  families 
of  Virginia  and  Kentucky.  His  paternal  grandfather, 
John  Crittenden,  had  served  with  distinction  as  major 
of  a  Virginia  regiment  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and 
was  among  the  earlier  settlers  of  Kentucky;  his  maternal 
grandfather  was  the  intrepid  Colonel  John  Allen,  who 
fell  at  the  River  Raisin  in  1 8 1 3 ;  and  one  of  his  great- 
grandfathers was  General  Benjamin  Logan,  the  bravest 
and  the  best  of  all  the  early  Kentucky  pioneers.  About 
the  time  that  Colonel  William  Logan  Crittenden  resigned 
from  the  United  States  army  to  cast  his  lot  with  Lopez, 
his  uncle,  the  eloquent  and  distinguished  John  J.  Critten- 
den, resigned  his  seat  as  Governor  of  Kentucky  to  accept 
the   position  of    Attorney- General  of    the   United   States. 


74 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


Lopez  could  have  had  no  more  valuable  acquisition  to 
his  cause  than  Colonel  Crittenden,  who  was  so  highly- 
connected  in  the  United  States,  socially,  politically,  and 
officially;  and  who  united  in  his  own  person  all  the  quali- 
fications necessary  for  the  prosecution  of  an  heroic  and 
desperate  undertaking.  He  was  at  that  time  just  about 
twenty-eight  years  old,  tall,  handsome,  talented,  a  bom 
hero,  a  bom  soldier,  and  brave  beyond  compare. 

When  Colonel  Crittenden  started  on  the  expedition. 
General  Felix  Houston  remained  on  the  Pampero  tmtil 
she  sailed.  He  said  Crittenden  then  told  him  he  was 
satisfied  that  an  expedition  at  that  time  was  premature, 
but  that  matters  had  progressed  too  far  for  him  to  with- 
draw with  honor,  and  that  he  felt  he  must  go  on. 

This  expedition,  which  is  known  in  history 

The 

Embarkation.  ^^  ^^^  Bahia  Honda  Expedition,  left  New 
Orleans  at  daybreak  on  the  morning  of  Sun- 
day, August  3,  185 1,  in  the  steamer  Pampero,  which 
Mr.  Sigur  had  purchased  for  seventy-five  thousand  dol- 
lars, out  of  his  own  fvmds,  for  the  purpose.  Her  engines 
being  out  of  order,  she  had  to  be  towed  to  the  mouth 
of  the  river;  and  she  remained  there  until  the  sixth,  leav- 
ing at  five  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  that  day,  through 
the  northeast  pass.  It  was  then  understood  that  the 
intention  was  to  go  to  Key  West  and  there  take  on  a  pilot 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


75 


for  the  River  St.  Johns,  at  which  place  they  were  to 
embark  a  battery  of  Hght  artillery  with  caissons,  ammu- 
nition, and  harness  complete,  together  with  a  number 
of  cavalry  saddles;  and  from  thence  they  were  to  run 
to  the  south  side  of  Cuba  and  land  as  near  as  possible 
to  the  town  of  Puerto  Principe — probably  at  Santa  Cruz, 
its  nearest  port.  This  town  was  in  the  very  midst  of 
the  disaffected  and  rebellious  section  of  the  island,  and 
was  in  the  general  region  where,  as  had  been  published 
in  the  United  States,  quite  a  considerable  force  of  patriots 
were  already  organized  and  under  arms.  Had  Lopez 
carried  out  his  original  intention  of  landing  on  this  part 
of  the  island,  the  result  of  the  expedition  might  have 
been  wholly  different;  for  he  might  there  have  found 
friends,  and  no  doubt  could  have  raised  sufficient  force 
to  maintain  himself  until  reinforcements  could  be  sent 
from  the  United  States. 

y^  The    Pampero   reached    Key   West   on    the 

Council  of       tenth    of    August,     anchoring    some    distance 

War. 

from  the  town  for  reasons  of  state.  No  pilot 
could  be  found,  so  about  dusk  the  general  called  a  council 
of  war,  composed  entirely  of  the  Cubans  and  Hungarians 
on  his  staff  or  among  his  line  officers.  Of  the  Hungarians 
there  were  several  who  had  served  with  the  army  of 
liberation  in  Hungary,  under  Kossuth,  and  who  had  been 


76        Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

compelled  to  leave  their  native  land  after  the  failiire  of 
their  cause.  The  most  distinguished  of  these  were  Gen- 
eral John  Pragay  and  Colonel  Blumenthal.  Captains 
Victor  Ker,  of  Crittenden's  regiment,  and  James  Ellis, 
of  the  infantry,  had  also  fought  with  Kossuth  for  Hun- 
garian independence,  going  from  America  to  Hungary 
for  that  purpose. 

No  American  oflEicers,  it  is  said,  were  called  to  sit  with 
this  council  of  war,  which  fact  seems  strange  indeed, 
since  if  the  enterprise  was  to  succeed  at  all  it  must  be 
mainly  through  the  efforts  and  influence  of  the  Ameri- 
cans. The  deliberations  of  the  council  resulted  in  a  deter- 
mination to  give  up  going  to  the  St.  John's  River — 
thus  leaving  the  expedition  entirely  without  artillery — 
and  to  run  immediately  for  the  north  coast  of  Cuba, 
which  was  done  about  ten  o'clock  that  night.  It  is 
stated  that  the  trip  to  St.  John's  was  abandoned 
because  the  ship  was  insufficiently  coaled,  and  that 
either  the  trip  to  St.  John's  had  to  be  omitted,  or 
the  expedition  abandoned. 

It   is   stated   that   when   Lopez   arrived   at 

Lopez 

Deceived.        Key    West    he    found    awaiting    him    there    a 

letter  from  a  well-known  speculator  in  Havana, 

in  whom  he  had  confidence,   informing  him  falsely  that 

the  people  of  the  Vuelta  Abijo  and  of  Pinar  del  Rio  were 


o 

o 
o 

H 

w 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to   Cuba       n 

in  full  revolt,  and  that  he  would  accordingly  do  well  to 
go  there  with  his  force.  This  advice  he  determined  to 
follow,  not  suspecting  its  treachery,  or  that  it  was  a  trap 
set  for  him  by  Captain- General  de  la  Concha. 

When   day   dawned   on   the   eleventh   they 

Nearing 

Cuba.  found  that  owing  to  the  variation  of  the  com- 

pass, from  muskets  having  been  stacked  near 
it,  they  were  several  points  out  of  their  course,  and 
within  plain  view  of  the  Moro  Castle,  at  Havana,  which 
was  only  some  ten  miles  distant.  Supposing  themselves 
unseen  from  the  Castle,  they  immediately  headed  to 
the  northward  and  westward,  and  were  soon  out  of  sight 
of  land.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  they  had  been 
sighted  and  signaled  from  the  Moro;  and  upon  their  sus- 
picious retreat  the  Spanish  vessel  Pizarro,  then  in  Havana 
harbor,  was  sent  out  to  investigate,  but  being  delayed 
did  not  come  within  sight  of  the  Pampero  that  day. 

About  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  Lopez  came 
up  with  the  Spanish  schooner  Cecilia,  out  of  which  he  took 
the  captain  and  mate  to  act  as  pilots,  giving  them  to 
understand  that  they  would  be  shot  if  they  showed  any 
disposition  to  escape  or  deceive.  An  hour  later  he  again 
stood  in  for  land;  and  as  soon  as  it  was  dark  sent  a  boat 
in  shore  to  reconnoiter,  which  was  hailed  by  a  sentry  on 
the  walls  of  a  fort  situated  near  Bahia  Honda,  the  ship 


78       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

being  not  more  than  a  mile  from  it.  The  boat  then 
rettimed  to  the  ship  and  reported.  Immediately  all 
lights  on  board  were  extinguished,  a  press  of  steam  was 
put  on,  and  the  vessel  was  run  to  the  westward  along 
the  coast.  About  ten  o'clock,  while  running  in  charge 
of  a  pilot  and  under  a  full  head  of  steam,  the  ship  sud- 
denly struck;  and  before  the  engine  could  be  stopped, 
had  I'un  more  than  her  length  upon  a  coral  reef.  After 
examining  her  situation  it  was  found  that  she  was  lying 
in  about  eight  feet  of  water,  while  her  draft  was  more 
than  nine  feet;  and  that  it  was  necessary  the  force  should 
be  landed  immediately.  This  was  done  with  all  possible 
despatch.  The  first  boats  that  approached  the  shore 
were  fired  upon  by  a  party  of  about  twenty  civilians, 
who  incontinently  fled  when  their  fire  was  returned  from 
the  boat,  which  contained  Captain  Gouti  (a  Cuban  com- 
manding an  American  company).  Lieutenant  Laningham, 
and  about  thirty  privates  of  his  company.  One  of 
Gouti 's  men  was  wounded  in  the  arm,  and  returned  to 
the  ship.  Lieutenant  Laningham 's  cap  was  cut  into 
halves  upon  his  head  by  a  musket  ball. 
Welcomed  So,    instead    of    finding    the    Creoles    their 

^'**'  friends,  the  little  army  of  Liberators  received 

Bloody  Hands. 

as  the  first  salutation  from  the  people  they 
had  come  to  free,  a  volley  of  musketry  fired  with  the 
most   hostile   and   deadly   intent.     They   found   no   large 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba       79 

body  of  enthusiastic  friends,  with  horses,  stores,  and 
suppHes  for  their  use,  as  they  had  been  led  to  expect. 
Instead  of  finding  the  Creoles  their  friends,  they  found 
them  their  most  bitter  enemies — much  more  so  than 
the  Spanish  troops  were,  as  after  events  were  to  prove. 
The  Creoles,  or  native  Cubans,  it  is  said,  kept  the  gov- 
ernment troops  constantly  informed  of  the  movements 
of  the  Liberators;  hanging  upon  their  flanks,  and  putting 
to  death  without  hesitation  and  without  mercy  all  who 
straggled  or  fell  behind  upon  the  march. 
j^g  About  two  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the 

Disembarka=   twelfth   of   August    the   last   of    Lopez's   little 

tion. 

army  were  disembarked  upon  the  shores  of 
Cuba.  They  were  just  four  hundred  and  fifty-three 
strong,  all  told.  The  landing  was  effected  at  the  village 
of  Morillos,  some  twelve  miles  west  of  Bahia  Honda,  and 
seventy  miles  from  Havana.  The  Pampero  immediately 
returned  to  Key  West,  making  the  trip  in  safety.  While 
going  into  Bahia  Honda  harbor  she  had  been  sighted 
by  the  Pizarro,  which  was  on  the  lookout  for  her,  and 
which  steamed  at  once  to  Havana  and  gave  the  alarm. 
Preparations  were  immediately  begun  there  to  embark  eight 
hundred  men  upon  the  Pizarro,  to  go  without  delay  to 
Bahia  Honda;  to  be  followed,  as  soon  as  they  could  be 
embarked,  by  as  many  more  troops  as  could  be  crowded 


8o       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

upon    two    other    vessels    then    available,    the    Habanero 
and  the  Almendares. 

The  men  of  the  expedition  were  armed  with  con- 
demned muskets,  and  had  no  rifles;  but  many  of  them 
had  revolvers  and  knives  of  their  own.  They  after- 
ward took  an  abundance  of  guns  and  cartridges 
from  the  Spaniards. 

Lopez  Marches       -^^  daylight  Lopez  sent  a  pronunciamento 
into  the         ^q  L^g  Pozas,  a  small  village  about  ten  miles 

Interior. 

from  the  coast,  in  which  he  informed  the 
inhabitants  there  that  he  was  about  to  march  to  that 
place,  and  would  give  an  opportimity  to  all  who  desired 
the  freedom  of  Cuba  to  join  him.  He  set  out  at  eight 
o'clock  to  march  to  Las  Pozas,  taking  withhim  the  regi- 
ment of  infantry  commanded  by  Colonel  Downman, 
composed  of  three  hundred  and  twenty-three  men ;  and 
leaving  Colonel  Crittenden  at  Morillos  with  one  himdred 
and  thirty  men.  No  means  had  been  found  at  this  vil- 
lage for  transporting  the  baggage  and  stores  into  the 
interior;  so  the  General  commanded  Colonel  Crittenden 
to  remain  there  and  protect  the  stores,  consisting  of  one 
hundred  thousand  musket  cartridges,  three  thousand 
muskets,  and  se\'en  hundred  pounds  of  powder  in  kegs, 
together  with  the  personal  baggage  of  all  the  officers. 
Lopez  was  to  send  back  wagons  or  other  means  of  trans- 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba       8i 

portation  from  Las  Pozas,  where  he  said  he  would  remain 
until  Crittenden  could  join  him.  He  sent  no  wagons 
back ;  and  Colonel  Crittenden,  after  a  good  deal  of  trouble, 
succeeded  in  getting  possession  of  two  large  carts,  each 
drawn  by  a  single  yoke  of  oxen,  upon  which  the  stores 
were  loaded.  It  was  found  the  loads  were  so  heavy  that 
they  could  not  be  drawn  by  single  yokes  of  oxen.  Colonel 
Crittenden  was  then  under  the  necessity  of  sending  out 
and  securing  two  more  yoke  of  oxen,  which  caused  con- 
siderable delay.  It  was  not  until  eleven  o'clock  at  night 
that  he  was  able  to  leave  Morillos  and  set  out  to  join 
Lopez  at  Las  Pozas. 

In  the  meantime,  the  Pizarro  had  reached  Bahia 
Honda  and  had  landed  eight  hundred  Spanish  troops, 
under  the  command  of  Lieutenant-General  Enna;  who, 
receiving  full  information  of  Lopez's  movements,  as  well 
as  of  Crittenden's  situation,  at  once  took  up  his  line  of 
march  for  San  Miguel,  a  hamlet  between  Morillos  and 
Las  Pozas,  intending  thus  to  get  in  between  the  two  sec- 
tions of  the  Liberator  army,  and  then  destroy  each  in 
detail.  Enna's  troops  left  Bahia  Honda  at  about  the 
same  time  that  Crittenden's  left  Morillos. 
The  Fight  The    carts    being   heavily    loaded    and    the 

^*  roads    very    bad,    Crittenden's    progress    was 

San  Miguel. 

necessarily   quite   slow,   his   advance   being   at 
the  rate  of  about  a  mile   an  hour.     About  daylight  on 


82       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

the  morning  of  the  thirteenth  he  reached  the  hamlet  of 
San  Miguel,  which  did  not  consist  of  more  than  a  store 
and  a  grog  shop.  This  was  about  four  miles  from  Las 
Pozas.  The  advance  guard  halted  here,  and  the  main 
body  came  up;  but  the  rear  guard  and  the  carts  were 
still  a  quarter  of  a  mile  behind.  The  men  stopped  here 
to  breakfast,  at  which  they  were  busily  engaged,  their 
arms  being  laid  aside,  when  they  were  surprised  by  the 
report  of  a  volley  of  musketry  and  the  whistling  of  balls 
over  their  heads.  These,  it  was  found,  proceeded  from 
a  body  of  Enna's  troops,  which  they  estimated  to  be 
five  hundred  strong.  The  Americans  at  once  seized 
their  guns  and  fired  upon  the  enemy,  killing  nine  and 
taking  one  prisoner,  none  of  their  own  men  being  injured. 
The  Spanish  troops  immediately  fell  back  precipitately; 
and,  not  appearing  again  after  the  lapse  of  some  little 
time.  Colonel  Crittenden  decided  that  it  was  merely 
a  foraging  party  that  had  attacked  him;  and  the  rear 
guard  and  the  carts  having  come  up,  he  ordered  the  men 
to  resume  their  breakfast.  Nothing  loth,  they  fell  to 
with  energy;  and,  after  about  ten  minutes,  they  were 
attacked  again  by  the  whole  force  of  the  enemy,  who 
had  the  advantage  of  position,  being  posted  on  the  brow 
of  a  hill  overlooking  the  American  line,  with  a  belt  of 
chapparal   some    three   hundred   yards   wide   intervening, 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to   Cuba       83 

over  which  the  Americans  could  not  fire.  Colonel  Crit- 
tenden immediately  gave  the  order  to  charge,  leading 
himself,  and  forced  the  Spaniards  to  fall  back  to  a  large 
body  of  chapparal  some  seventy-five  or  eighty  yards  in 
the  rear  of  their  first  position.  From  this  vantage  ground 
they  opened  a  heavy  fire  upon  the  Americans  as  soon  as 
they  appeared  upon  the  brow  of  the  hill.  Finding  he 
could  not  maintain  this  position,  Crittenden  ordered  a 
retreat  to  the  hamlet,  while  Enna  resxamed  his  first  posi- 
tion upon  the  hill,  and  again  opened  fire.  Crittenden 
then  ordered  a  second  charge,  at  the  same  time  sending 
a  portion  of  his  little  force  to  flank  the  enemy  on  the 
right,  and  to  charge  from  that  side  at  the  same  moment 
that  he  charged  from  the  front.  This  was  attempted; 
but  the  result  of  the  movement  was  to  let  the  enemy  in 
between  the  two  sections  of  the  little  force.  Captain 
J.  A.  Kelly,  who  made  the  flank  attack,  managed  to  fight 
his  way  through  the  Spanish  lines;  and,  being  cut  off 
from  Crittenden,  whom  he  could  not  now  assist,  he  suc- 
ceeded in  effecting  a  junction  with  Lopez,  at  Las  Pozas, 
with  his  detachment  of  eighty  men,  abandoning  the  bag- 
gage and  stores. 

Captain  Kelly  was  welcomed  heartily  by  Lopez  when 
he  reached  Las  Pozas  with  his  troops.  Kelly  had 
expected  to  find  Crittenden   there,  but  not  doing  so,  he 


84       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

wished  the  whole  force  to  go  back  and  ascertain  what 
had  become  of  him,  as  he  had  some  of  the  best  men  of 
the  command  with  him.  To  this  Lopez  objected,  on  the 
ground  that  he  had  sent  two  companies  to  Crittenden's 
rehef,  but  it  was  impossible  for  them  to  get  to  him 
through  the  Spanish  lines.  He  added  that  his  troops 
were  already  under  marching  orders,  and  it  was  abso- 
lutely necessar)'-  that  he  should  leave  there  without  delay, 
as  he  would  again  be  attacked  by  the  Spanish  troops 
in  the  morning,  with  artillery.  He  intended  to  make 
for  the  moimtains,  where  he  expected  to  meet  some  Cuban 
troops  who  were  said  to  be  in  arms  there. 

Colonel  Crittenden  and  his  detachment  of 

The  Fate  of 

Crittenden       fiftv    men    were    completely    siuroimded;  but, 
*"''  fighting    gallantly    and    against    heavy    odds. 

His  Men. 

they  cut  through  the  enemy's  line  toward 
the  coast,  and  took  refuge  in  the  dense  chapparal;  and 
as  they  could  not  be  dislodged  from  thence,  they  were 
not  molested  ftirther  at  that  time,  the  whole  force  of  the 
enemy  going  on  to  join  in  the  operations  against  Lopez 
at  Las  Pozas.  This  was  on  the  thirteenth  of  August. 
Crittenden  made  several  attempts  to  join  Lopez,  and 
might  have  done  so  had  not  the  latter,  on  the  fourteenth, 
retreated  hastil}'  from  Las  Pozas  into  the  mountains. 
After  wandering  about   in   the   chapparal   for   two   days, 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba       85 

on  the  fifteenth  Crittenden  and  his  men  entered  the  town 
of  Morillos  at  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  put  to  sea 
in  foiir  small  fishing  boats  they  found  there.  They  hoped 
to  be  picked  up  by  an  American  vessel,  or  else  to  make 
their  way  to  Key  West  or  to  Yucatan,  neither  of  which 
was  more  than  one  hundred  miles  from  where  they 
started.  One  man  of  the  party,  Daniel  Gano,  of  New 
York,  refused  to  go  into  the  boats,  and  fled  to  the  moun- 
tains, where  he  was  taken  prisoner  after  Concha's  procla- 
mation of  quarter  to  the  invaders  had  been  published. 
When  well  out  at  sea  they  were  sighted  by  the  Spanish 
steamer  Habanero,  which  gave  chase  and  came  up  with 
them  near  the  pass  of  the  Alcranes,  about  two  miles  from 
the  banks  of  a  desolate  reef. 

They  were  fired  upon  by  the  Spaniards,  and  returned 
the  fire;  but  seeing  that  the  artillery  carried  by  the 
Habanero  could  hardly  fail  to  sink  their  boats,  they  pro- 
posed to  the  officer  in  command,  Senor  Bustillo,  the  Gen- 
eral of  Marine,  an  officer  nearly  equal  in  rank  to  the 
Captain-General  of  Cuba  himself,  that  they  would  sur- 
render on  the  condition  that  their  lives  were  spared,  and 
that  they  shoiold  be  treated  in  all  respects  as  prisoners 
of  war.  These  terms  were  agreed  to,  and  upon  these 
terms  they  surrendered.  The  Captain- General  of  Cuba, 
Senor  Jose  de  la  Concha,  chose  to  utterly  disregard  the 


86       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

terms  of  the  surrender;  and  this  he  did  upon  the  ground 
that  the  General  of  Marine  "had  no  business  to  make 
terms  with  pirates."  Admiral  Bustillo's  force,  that 
effected  this  capture,  consisted  of  three  hundred  and  fifty 
soldiers  and  sailors. 

The  Habanero,  with  the  exultant  captors  and  unhappy 
captives,  reached  Havana  at  half -past  ten  o'clock  on 
the  morning  of  the  sixteenth  of  August.  The  victims 
were  there  immediately  transferred  on  board  the  ship 
Esperanza,  where  they  were  tried  by  a  drumhead  cotut 
martial,  and  ordered  to  be  shot  at  once.  It  is  said  that 
at  first  it  was  the  intention  to  execute  only  one  out  of 
every  five  of  these  unfortunate  prisoners,  but  that  they 
all  had  to  be  shot  to  appease  the  thirst  for  blood  of  "the 
loyal  Catalans,"  a  body  of  Spanish  traders  in  Havana 
who  were  rapidly  acquiring  great  fortunes  through  syste- 
matic robbery  of  the  native  Cubans. 

The  Captain-General  issued  the  following  proclama- 
tion, ordering  the  execution  of  Colonel  Crittenden  and 
his  fifty  comrades — fifty-one  men  in  all: 

"The  fate  which  must  befall  pirates  who  dare  to  profane  the  soil 
of  this  island,  having  been  expressed  in  the  general  orders  of  the  20th 
of  April  last,  and  subsequently  republished,  and  the  declaration  of 
the  fifty  individuals  who  have  been  apprehended  by  the  most  excel- 
lent Senor  Commandant  of  this  Apostodero,  and  placed  at  my  dis- 
position, having  been  received,  and  it  being  apparent  from  this  that 
the  persons  arrested  belonged  to  the  horde  headed  by  the  traitor 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba       87 

Lopez,  I  have  resolved,  in  accordance  with  the  directions  in  the  royal 
ordinance,  general  laws  of  the  kingdom,  and  especially  in  the  general 
order  of  June  12th  of  the  year  before  last,  issued  to  meet  this  par- 
ticular contingency,  that  this  day  the  said  persons,  whose  names  are 
expressed  in  the  subjoined  list,  shall  suffer  death  by  being  shot;  the 
direction  of  the  execution  being  confided  to  Senor  Lieutenant  Rey, 
of  the  Plaza." 

-pi,e  The    fifty-one    victims    of    Spanish    mahce 

"Strong  in      whose    names    were    appended    to    this    order 

Heart." 

consisted  of  forty  Americans  (Kentuckians  pre- 
dominating), four  Irishmen,  two  Cubans,  two  Hunga- 
rians, one  ItaHan,  one  Scotchman,  and  one  Philippine 
Islander.  Their  names,  to  some  extent,  appeared  differ- 
ently in  the  lists  that  were  published  in  the  United  States, 
and  in  the  following  list  the  variations  are  indicated  by 
being  inclosed  in  brackets: 

Officers. 

Colonel  William  Logan  Crittenden. 
Captain  Victor  Ker. 
Captain  Fred  S.  Sawyer. 
Captain  T.  S.  Vesey  (J.  B.  Veasey). 
Lieutenant  James  Brandt. 
Lieutenant  John  O.  Bryce. 
Lieutenant  Thomas  C.  James. 
Adjutant  R.  C.  Stanford. 
Surgeon  H.  Forniquet  (Tourniquet). 
Hospital  Steward  John  Fisher. 
Sergeant  Napoleon  Collins  (Colling). 
Sergeant  A.  M.  Crockett  (Cotchett). 
Sergeant  G.  M.  Green. 
Sergeant  J.  M.  Salmon. 
Sergeant  J.  A.  Witherens. 


88 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


Privates. 


George  W.  Arnold. 

M.  H.  Ball. 

P.  Barrourk  (Baronk). 

James  Bj'let. 

Robert  Caldwell. 

Robert  Cantley  (Cundley). 

John  Chilling. 

John  Christides  (Cristides). 

E.  T.  Collins  (E.  J.). 

Gilman  A.  Cook. 

Patrick  Dillon. 

James  Ellis. 

N.  H.  Fisher. 

Thomas  Hartnett  (Harnett). 

Thomas  Hearsey. 

Anselmo  Torres  Hernandez. 

WiUiam  Hogan. 

WilUam  H.  Holmes. 


S.  C.  Jones  (S.  S.). 

William  B.  Little. 

Alexander  Mcllcer  (Mcllser). 

James  L.  Manville  (James  R.). 

Samuel  Mills. 

WilUam  Niceman  (Niseman). 

M.  Phillips. 

Samuel  Reed. 

Charles  A.  Robinson. 

A.  Ross  (Roys). 
Edward  Rulman. 
John  G.  Sanka  (Sunks). 

C.  C.  Wilham  Smith  (C.  W.). 

James  Stanton. 

John  J.  Stubbs. 

James  Tantum. 

H.  T.  Vienne  (Vinne). 

B.  J.  Uregy  (Wrtgy). 


The  prisoners  asked  to  be  allowed  to  see  the  Ameri- 
can Consixl,  but  this  was  denied  them.  Thej^  were  curtly 
informed  that  they  were  outlaws  and  pirates,  without 
any  cottntry  to  whose  protection  they  could  appeal,  or  any 
flag  except  the  Jolly  Roger.  However,  they  were  gra- 
ciously given  half  an  hour  in  which  such  of  them  as  were 
disposed  might  write  letters  to  their  friends.  Most  of 
them  availed  themselves  of  this  opportunity;  and  their 
letters  were  taken  in  charge  and  afterward  faithfully 
delivered  by  Mr.  Antonio  da  Costa,  a  Spanish  merchant 
with  houses  in  both  New  Orleans  and  Havana,  who  per- 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba        89 

sonally  knew  many  of  them,  and  of  whose  loyalty  to 
Spain  the  Spanish  authorities  at  Havana  had  no  doubt. 
Colonel  The    letter    that    Colonel    William    Logan 

Crittenden's    Crittenden  wrote  on  that  occasion  to  his  friend, 

Letter. 

Doctor  Lucien  Hensley,  may  serve  as  the 
truest  index  to  his  nature.  It  breathes  a  spirit  of  real 
heroism,  without  the  slightest  suspicion  of  bravado. 
After  reading  it  one  does  not  doubt  that  he  died  "  Strong 
in  Heart."  It  was  stained  with  blood,  from  his  lacerated 
wrists;  and  was  as  follows:^ 

Ship  of  War  Esperanza,  August  16,  1851. 
Dear  Lucien: 

In  half  an  hour  I  with  fifty  others  am  to  be  shot.  We  were  taken 
prisoners  yesterday.  We  were  in  small  boats.  General  Lopez  sepa- 
rated the  balance  of  the  command  from  me.  I  had  with  me  about 
one  hundred.  Was  attacked  by  two  battalions  of  infantry  and  one 
company  of  horse.  The  odds  were  too  great,  and  strange  to  tell,  I 
was  not  furnished  with  one  single  musket  cartridge.  Lopez  did  not 
get  any  artillery.  I  have  not  the  heart  to  write  to  any  of  my  family. 
If  the  truth  ever  comes  out  you  will  find  that  I  did  my  duty  and  have 
the  perfect  confidence  of  every  man  with  me.  We  had  retired  from 
the  field  and  were  going  to  the  sea,  and  were  overtaken  by  the  Span- 
ish steamer  Habanero,  and  captured.  Tell  General  Houston  that  his 
nephew  got  separated  from  me  on  the  13th,  the  day  of  the  fight,  and 
that  I  have  not  seen  him  since.  He  may  have  straggled  off  and  joined 
Lopez,  who  advanced  rapidly  to  the  interior.  My  people,  however, 
were  entirely  surrounded  on  every  side.  We  saw  that  we  had  been 
deceived  grossly,  and  were  making  for  the  United  States  when  taken. 
During  my  short  sojourn  in  this  island  I  have  not  met  a  single  patriot. 

iThis  letter  is  still  in  existence,  and  is  in  the  possession  of  ex-Governor  Thomas 
T.  Crittenden,  of  Missouri. 


90       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

We  landed  some  forty  or  fifty  miles  to  the  westward  of  this,  and  I 
am  sure  that  in  that  part  of  the  island  Lopez  has  no  friends.  When 
I  was  attacked  Lopez  was  only  three  miles  off.  If  he  had  not  been 
decei\-ing  us  as  to  the  state  of  things  he  would  have  fallen  back  with 
his  forces  and  made  fight.  Instead  of  which  he  marched  immediately 
to  the  interior.  I  am  requested  to  get  you  to  tell  Mr.  Green,  of  the 
custom  house,  that  his  brother  shares  my  fate.  Victor  Ker  is  also 
with  me;  so,  also,  Standford.  I  recollect  no  others  of  your  acquaint- 
ance present.  I  will  die  like  a  man.  My  heart  has  not  failed  me  yet. 
Nor  do  I  believe  it  will.  Communicate  with  my  family.  Tell  my 
friend  on  PhiUppa  street  that  I  had  better  have  been  persuaded  to 
stay;  that  I  have  not  forgotten  him,  and  will  not  in  the  moment  of 
death.  This  is  an  incoherent  letter,  but  the  circumstances  must 
excuse  me.  My  hands  are  swollen  to  double  their  thickness,  result- 
ing from  ha\4ng  been  too  tightly  corded  for  the  last  eighteen  hours. 
Write  to  Whistlar;  let  him  write  to  my  mother.  I  am  afraid  that 
the  news  will  break  her  heart.  My  heart  beats  warmly  toward  her 
now.  Farewell.  My  love  to  all  my  family.  I  am  sorr\^  that  I  die 
owing  a  cent,  but  it  is  inevitable. 

Yours,  Strong  in  Heart, 

W.  L.  Crittenden. 

He  then  wrote  the  following  lines  to  his  uncle, 
Honorable  John  J.  Crittenden,  at  that  time  Attorney- 
General  of  the  United  States: 

Dear  Uncle: 

In  a  few  minutes  some  fifty  of  us  ^vill  be  shot.  We  came  here 
with  Lopez.  You  will  do  me  the  justice  to  believe  that  my  motives 
were  good.  I  was  deceived  by  Lopez.  He,  as  well  as  the  public 
press,  assured  me  that  the  island  was  in  a  state  of  prosperous  revo- 
lution. I  am  commanded  to  finish  writing  at  once.  I  will  die  like 
a  man.  ^ 

'See  Appendix  for  letters  of  several  of  Colonel  Crittenden's  companions. 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba       91 

After   writing   the   farewell   letters   to   their 
The 

Massacre.  friends,  the  unfortunate  men  were  carried 
to  Castle  Atares,  at  the  head  of  Havana  har- 
bor, about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  city  of 
Havana,  for  execution;  and  it  was  upon  the  slope  of  the 
hill  in  front  of  this  fortification  that  they  bravely  met 
their  fate. 

They  were  marched  down  the  Esperanza's  gangway, 
one  by  one,  stripped  to  trousers  and  shirt,  some  even 
without  shirts,  bareheaded,  and  their  hands  tied  tightly 
behind  their  backs — "a  pale  train,  hurried  by  the  minions 
of  despotism  toward  the  realm  of  ghosts."  From  the 
ship's  gangway  they  walked  into  a  ferry  boat,  which 
carried  them  to  the  place  of  execution.  One  who  wit- 
nessed the  scene  said:  "I  never  saw  men  (and  could 
scarcely  have  supposed  it  possible)  conduct  themselves 
at  such  an  awful  crisis  with  the  fortitude  these  men  dis- 
played. ...  A  finer  looking  body  of  young  men  I  never 
saw.  They  made  not  a  single  complaint,  not  a  murmur 
against  their  cruel  fate." 

The  United  States  ship  Albany  was  in  Havana  harbor 
at  the  time,  anchored  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  3^ards 
from  the  Esperanza;  and  the  sailors  belonging  to  her 
were  thrown  into  a  state  of  violent  excitement  when 
they   saw   those   gallant   Americans   filing   into   the   ferry 


92 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


boat,  to  be  carried  to  a  terrible  death.  In  a  body  they 
waited  upon  their  commander,  Captain  Randolph,  and 
asked  permission  to  land  and  prevent  the  execution; 
and  desired  him  to  turn  his  batteries  upon  the  town. 
When  the  firing  was  heard  at  the  execution,  they  wanted 
the  flag  of  the  Albany  struck. 

All  the  troops  then  in  Havana,  some  twelve  himdred 
(the  others  having  been  despatched  in  chase  of  Lopez), 
were  formed  in  a  square  where  the  butchery  was  to  take 
place,  wearing  their  war  uniforms,  with  blouses  and  straw 
hats;  and  surrounding  these  were  thousands  of  the  citi- 
zens of  Havana,  who  came  out  to  gloat  over  the  massacre, 
considering  this  brutal  exhibition  rather  better  than  a 
bull  fight.  The  Mayor  of  the  Plaza  read  the  edict  that 
usually  preceded  such  executions;  and  then  all  was  ready 
for  the  terrible  tragedy. 

The  victims,  bound  securely,  were  brought  out  of 
the  boat  twelve  at  a  time;  of  these,  six  were  blindfolded 
and  made  to  kneel  down  with  their  backs  to  the  soldiers, 
who  stood  some  three  or  four  paces  from  them.  These 
six  executed,  the  other  six  were  put  through  the  same 
ghastly  ceremony;  then  twelve  others  were  brought  from 
the  boat;  and  so  on,  until  the  terrible  and  sickening 
tragedy  was  over.  As  each  lot  were  murdered  their 
bodies  were  cast  aside   to  make  room  for  the  next  lot. 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


93 


An  eyewitness  says  of  these  martyrs  to  liberty: 
"They  behaved  with  firmness,  evincing  no  hesitation  or 
trepidation  whatever."  Among  those  shot  was  a  lad  of 
fifteen  who  begged  earnestly  on  his  knees  that  some  one  be 
sent  to  him  who  could  speak  English,  but  not  the  slightest 
attention  was  paid  to  him.  One  handsome  young  man 
desired  that  his  watch  be  sent  to  his  sweetheart.  After 
the  first  discharge  those  who  were  not  instantly  killed 
were  beaten  upon  the  head  until  life  was  extinct.  One 
poor  fellow  received  three  balls  in  his  neck,  and,  raising 
himself  in  the  agonies  of  death,  was  struck  by  a  soldier 
with  the  butt  of   a  musket   and  his  brains   dashed  out. 

Colonel  Crittenden,  as  the  leader  of  the  party,  was 
shot  first,  and  alone.  One  of  the  rabble  pushed  through 
the  line  of  soldiers,  and  rushed  up  to  Crittenden  and 
pulled  his  beard.  The  gallant  Kentuckian,  with  the 
utmost  coolness,  spit  in  the  coward's  face.  He  refused 
to  kneel  or  to  be  blindfolded;  saying  in  a  clear,  ringing 
voice :  "  A  Kentuckian  kneels  to  none  except  his  God, 
and  always  dies  facing  his  enemy!"* — an  expression 
that  became  famous.  Looking  into  the  muzzles  of  the 
muskets  that  were  to  slay  him,  standing  heroically  erect 
in  the  very  face  of  death,  with  his  own  hands,  which  had 
been  unbound  at  his  request,  he  gave  the  signal  for  the 

^See  Appendix. 


94 


Lopez's   Expeditions    to   Cuba 


fatal  volley;  and  died,  as  he  had  lived,  "Strong  in 
Heart."  Captain  Ker  also  refused  to  kneel.  The)'  stood 
up,  faced  their  enemies,  were  shot  down,  and  their  brains 
were  beaten  out  with  clubbed  muskets. 

Mter    the    murder,   some    of    the    Spanish 

Sickening 

Brutality.  officers  plunged  their  swords  into  the  lifeless 
bodies  of  their  victims  and  turned  and  twisted 
them  around  in  the  wounds.  The  corpses  were  then 
given  over  to  a  bloodthirsty  mob,  composed  of  the  lowest 
and  vilest  rabble,  both  white  and  black,  of  the  city  of 
Havana,  who  spat  upon  them,  kicked  them,  and  dragged 
them  about  by  the  heels.  Many  of  the  bodies  were  muti- 
lated in  the  most  horrible  and  shocking  manner;  the 
ears,  noses,  and  other  members  being  cut  off  and  carried 
away  by  the  brutal  and  frenzied  mob,  and  exhibited  in 
the  streets  and  public  houses  of  the  city.  When  the 
mob  had  wreaked  its  malice  to  satiety,  the  bodies,  which 
had  been  stripped  and  robbed  of  their  clothing,  were 
thrown  in  their  naked  and  mutilated  condition,  six  or 
seven  together,  into  old  hearses  that  had  been  used  the 
year  before  for  cholera  victims.  No  coffins  were  allowed, 
but  the  hearses  were  driven  through  the  streets  of  Havana 
with  the  bloody  bodies  in  many  instances  hanging  half 
in  and  half  out  of  their  ghastly  receptacles,  looking  more 
like  animals  just  from  the  shambles  than  like  men  who 


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k: 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


95 


had  been  made  "in  the  image  of  God."  Being  "heretics" 
as  well  as  "pirates,"  there  was  no  sepulture  in  consecrated 
ground  for  them;  so  they  were  carted  ignominiousl}^  to 
the  heretic  section  of  the  old  Espada  cemetery,  just 
behind  and  contiguous  to  the  San  Lazaro  hospital,  and 
there  tumbled  without  ceremony  into  a  common  trench, 
their  bodies  being  covered  with  quicklime  and  with  little 
else.  After  a  few  years,  in  accordance  with  a  peculiarly 
Spanish  custom  which  requires  the  removal  of  the  remains 
of  people  whose  families  do  not  own  permanent  vaults, 
the  bones  of  these  heroes  and  martyrs  were  exhiamed 
and  thrown  into  the  common  bone-heap  of  the  cemetery. 
These  young  men,  brave,  gallant,  ardent,  went  to 
Cuba  in  the  sacred  names  of  Liberty  and  Humanity 
to  free  an  oppressed  people  from  the  most  atrocious 
tyranny  and  unspeakable  and  persistent  outrages — and 
this    is  what  they  got! 

Indignation  The  murder  of  Colonel  Crittenden  and  his 

in  the  flf^y   comrades   created   an  ovitburst  of   indig- 

United  States. 

nation  in  the  United  States  that  was  hardly 
exceeded  forty-seven  years  later  when  the  Maine  was 
blown  up  in  Havana  harbor.  The  indignation  was  all 
the  greater  because  at  almost  the  very  moment  that  these 
men  were  being  assassinated,  the  commander  of  the 
Habanero,   being  fully   advised  of   what   was   then   going 


96       Lopez's   Expeditions    to    Cuba 

on  in  Havana,  deliberately  and  coolly  fired  upon  the 
American  steamer  Falcon  at  Bahia  Honda.  This  was  a 
siifficient  cause  for  war,  and  should  have  brought  on  a 
war  between  the  United  States  and  Spain,  whose  apolo- 
gies for  the  incident,  htimbly  tendered  though  they  were, 
should  have  been  declined,   under  the  circumstances. 

All  over  the  United  States  large  and  enthusiastic 
indignation  meetings  were  held,  and  resolutions  were 
passed  appealing  to  and  urging  the  Government  to  avenge 
the  death  of  Crittenden  and  his  men,  and  to  wipe  out  with 
blood  the  insult  that  had  been  given  to  our  national  dig- 
nity by  the  shots  fired  at  the  Falcon.  Troops  were  openly 
recruited  to  go  independently  to  the  aid  of  Lopez  under 
the  leadership  of  General  Felix  Houston,  whom  the 
Spaniards  called  Melocotone — "a  Peach."  Reports  were 
then  coming  thick  and  fast  that  Lopez  was  more  than 
holding  his  own  with  his  little  band  of  three  hundred 
adventurers,  against  the  full  power  of  Spain  in  Cuba. 

The  popular  indignation  was  also  exercised  to  a  great 
degree  against  our  Consul  in  Havana,  Mr.  Allen  F.  Owen, 
of  Georgia,  because  he  had  not  prevented  the  massacre 
of  Crittenden  and  his  men.  Mr.  Owen  was  really  power- 
less in  the  matter,  and  would  not  have  been  allowed  to 
so  much  as  see  those  imfortunate  men,  even  if  he  had 
tried.  But  the  President  had  to  recall  him  in  order  to 
appease  the  wrath  of  the  people. 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba        97 

The  Government  at  Washington  did  go  so  far  as  to 
order  the  United  States  warship  Saranac,  Commodore 
Parker,  to  go  to  Havana  and  demand  full  explanations, 
both  as  to  the  execution  of  Crittenden's  men  and  the 
firing  on  the  Falcon.  The  Saranac  sailed  from  Norfolk 
on  the  twenty-sixth  of  August,  reaching  Havana  two 
or  three  days  later.  Something  might  have  grown  out 
of  this  except  for  the  fact  that  Lopez's  little  army  was 
by  this  time  totally  disrupted  and  captured,  and  he  him- 
self executed.  Spain  apologized  very  humbly  for  firing 
on  the  Falcon;  and  the  incident  was  closed,  to  remain 
closed  imtil  the  memorable  year  1898,  when  all  her 
instilts  and  injuries  to  our  country  and  our  countrymen 
were  fidly  avenged,  and  she    was  humbled  to  the   dust. 

It  is  now  necessary  to  go  back  to  the  thir- 

Lopez's 

Campaign.  teenth  of  August,  when  Crittenden's  little 
command  was  cut  in  two  at  San  Miguel, 
three  or  four  miles  from  Las  Pozas,  where  Lopez 
was  stationed  with  his  main  army,  consisting  of  three 
hundred  and  twenty-five  men.  It  does  not  appear  that 
he  made  any  effort  to  assist  Crittenden  when  the  latter 
was  attacked  at  San  Miguel  by  a  force  so  largely  superior 
in  nxombers  to  his  own.  Captain  Kelly,  commanding 
eighty  of  Crittenden's  troops,  succeeded  in  joining  Lopez 
at  Las  Pozas;  but,  being  followed  by  the  Spanish  force. 


98       Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

which   by   this   time   was  augmented  by  large   reinforce- 
ments that  had  come  to  Bahia  Honda  on  the  Habanero 
and   Ahnendares   and    hurried   forward   to   Las   Pozas,    a 
general  engagement  was  brought  on  here. 
j^g  After  a  hard  fight  of  more  than  two  hours 

Battle  at        ^]^g  Spaniards  retreated,  leaving  Lopez  master 

Las  Pozas. 

of  the  field.  General  Enna  lost  more  than 
two  hundred  men,  killed  and  wounded,  among  whom 
were  several  of  his  highest  officers.  The  Liberators' 
loss  was  about  thirty  killed,  wounded,  and  missing; 
among  whom  were  Colonel  Downman  and  Lieutenant 
Labizan,  killed;  General  Pragay  and  Captains  Brigham 
and  Gouti,  mortally  wounded.  This  loss  reduced  the 
force  of  the  Liberators  to  about  two  hundred  and  ninety 
men.  After  the  battle  the  Spanish  wounded  were  brought 
into  Lopez's  lines  and  were  as  well  taken  care  of  as  the 
circumstances  would  admit.  Lopez  himself  rode  entirely 
unarmed  over  the  battlefield,  through  the  hottest  of  the 
fire,  and  Lieutenant  Van  Vechten  has  stated  that  he 
occasionally  applied  a  red  rawhide  quirt,  that  he  carried 
in  his  hand,  with  a  great  deal  of  vigor  to  the  shoulders 
of  such  men  as  he  thought  could  be  hurried  into  firing 
a  little  faster.  These  men  must  have  been  some  Creoles 
that  he  had  forced  into  his  service  at  Las  Pozas,  and  who 
afterward   deserted    him ;  for  it   is    hard   to   believe   that 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


99 


there  were  any  of  his  men  from  the  United  States  who 
would  not  have  instantly  shot  him  on  being  struck  with 
a  whip.  Major  Schlesinger  denies  this  story,  and  speaks 
of  Lieutenant  Van  Vechten  in  very  disrespectful  terms. 

At  two  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  fourteenth  of 
August  Lopez  left  Las  Pozas  and  marched  into  the 
adjacent  mountains,  leaving  behind  him  thirteen  of  his 
men  who  were  wounded,  every  one  of  whom  was 
instantly  bayoneted  by  the  Spaniards  when  they  came 
in,  and  their  bodies  were  piled  in  a  heap,  cross-ways, 
at  the  bottom  of  a  hill. 

•pijg  Lopez  retreated   at  once  to  the   hacienda. 

Battle  of        Qj-    coffee    plantation,    near    Cayajavos,    which 

Frias. 

had  formerly  belonged  to  him,  but  which  had 

been  confiscated  about  three  years  before;  and  was  here 
resting  and  refreshing  his  troops  when,  on  the  sixteenth 
of  August,  he  was  attacked  by  three  hundred  lancers  and 
six  hundred  infantry.  The  action  lasted  from  eleven 
to  two  o'clock  on  one  of  the  hottest  days  ever  known, 
even  in  Cuba;  and  Lopez  was  again  victorious,  the  enemy 
being  compelled  to  retreat  in  great  haste  after  a  loss  of 
three  hundred  and  twenty  men.  Among  these  was  Lieu- 
tenant-General  Enna,  who,  it  is  said,  was  killed  here  at 
almost  the  exact  moment  that  Crittenden  was  murdered 
in  Havana.     His  body  was  taken  by  the  Liberators,  and 


loo      Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

sent  under  a  flag  of  truce  into  the  Spanish  hnes,  with 
every  mark  of  respect. 

The  fight  at  Lopez's  coifee  plantation  (Cafetal  de 
Frias)  was  called  the  battle  of  Frias.  It  is  claimed  that 
the  victory  here  was  so  complete  that  it  would  have 
accomplished  Cuban  independence  if  Lopez  had  been  able 
to  follow  up  his  routed  and  panic-stricken  enemies,  or 
could  have  received  or  been  co-operated  with  by  any  of 
the  reinforcements  he  was  expecting  from  the  United 
States — even  if  they  had  landed  in  a  totally  different 
part  of  the  island,  and  had  done  no  more  than  to  divert 
the  attention  and  divide  the  forces  of  the  Spaniards. 

If  the  Kentucky  regiment  had  been  despatched  at 
once  from  New  Orleans,  according  to  Lopez's  expecta- 
tions and  orders,  it  could  have  landed  two  or  three  days 
after  he  did.  Cuban  affairs  in  New  Orleans,  however, 
were  in  the  hands  of  a  large  committee  which  had  been 
appointed  at  a  mass-meeting  of  citizens.  Whether  from 
hesitation  in  regard  to  responsibility,  or  from  insuffi- 
ciency of  means  or  of  transportation,  it  is  certain  that 
the  action  of  the  committee  did  not  respond  to  the  eager- 
ness of  Pickett  and  Hawkins.  Days  lapsed,  when  hoiu"s 
were  important.  There  was  too  much  waiting  for  news, 
and  then  for  more  news.  Finally  came  the  news  that 
all  was  over,  and  that  it  was  now  too  late. 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to   Cuba 


lOI 


From  the  public  excitement  prevailing  at  the  time 
of  his  departure,  Lopez  had  every  reason  to  expect  that 
the  Kentucky  Regiment,  which  was  already  on  its  way, 
would  be  promptly  forwarded.  He  also  left  authority 
under  which  Colonels  Wheat  and  Bell  were  empowered 
to  each  raise  a  regiment;  and  among  the  three  regiments 
there  were  not  less  than  three  thousand  men  ready  to 
follow  him  shortly  after  his  departure. 

Lopez's  loss  in  the  battle  of  Frias  was  but  slight,  and 
his  victory  complete;  but  at  the  same  moment  the  retreat 
of  the  Spaniards  in  panic-stricken  rout  in  one  direction 
was  announced  to  him,  he  issued  an  order  for  his  own 
force  to  retreat  in  the  opposite  direction;  and  he  actually 
on  that  day  made  a  forced  march  of  eighteen  miles  in 
five  hours  over  a  mountain  road  in  Cuba! 
Arms  and  ^6  then  remained  in  the  mountains,  where. 

Ammunition    on  the  eighteenth,  his  troops  in  encampment 

Ruined. 

underwent  the  sad  experience  of  a  tropical 
rainstorm,  which  destroyed  the  greater  part  of  their 
ammunition  and  rendered  their  guns  entirely  useless. 
But  for  this  mishap,  Lopez  might  have  been  able  to 
maintain  himself  in  the  mountains  indefinitely,  and  per- 
haps to  have  formed  the  nucleus,  with  his  little  band, 
for  refugee  patriots  from  the  eastern  and  southern  por- 
tions of  the  island,  where  the  spirit  of  revolt  had  appeared 
to  be  rampant  only  a  short  time  before. 


I02      Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

A  consioltation  of  officers  was  now  had,  and  they 
demanded  that  General  Lopez  shoiild  take  them  at  once 
to  where  the  patriot  forces  he  had  spoken  of  were  sta- 
tioned; or  at  least  to  march  to  the  southern  coast,  where 
they  might  embark  for  Jamaica  or  Yucatan.  Lopez  con- 
sented to  their  demand,  and  they  started  for  the  patriot 
rendezvous  in  the  South;  but  the  guide  mistook  the 
road  and  led  them  again  toward  the  northeast. 

On  the  evening  of  the  nineteenth  Lopez  encamped 
at  a  ranch  at  the  foot  of  the  motmtains,  about  twelve 
miles  from  Bahia  Honda,  where  he  was  undisturbed  dur- 
ing the  night.  His  force  being  now  without  ammuni- 
tion or  serviceable  arms,  further  fighting  was  of  course 
out  of  the  question;  although  the}^  had  hitherto  defeated 
the  Spaniards  in  every  engagement,  notwithstanding  their 
largely  superior  numbers. 

On    the    morning   of    the    twentieth,    while 

The 

First  Defeat,  taking  breakfast  in  their  encampment  at  the 
ranch,  they  were  again  attacked,  being  taken 
by  stirprise;  the  sentry  on  the  outpost  having  left  his 
post  to  wash  himself  in  a  creek,  where  he  was  kiUed. 
Being  practically  vmarmed,  the  Liberators  were  com- 
pletely routed,  and  fled  to  the  mountains  in  every  direc- 
tion. Lopez  himself  barely  managed  to  make  his  escape 
on   horseback,   losing  his   saddle,   pistols,   and   spyglass — 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba      103 

everything,  in  fact,  except  what  he  wore.  That  night 
his  dispirited  httle  army  encamped  upon  the  top  of  one 
of  the  highest  mountains  in  Cuba,  exposed  to  all  the  vio- 
lence of  a  terrible  norther,  without  either  shelter,  fire, 
or  food.  The  sufferings  they  experienced  that  night  are 
indescribable.  The  rain  fell  in  torrents,  cold  as  ice,  and 
the  terrors  of  the  situation  were  constantly  increased 
by  the  falling  around  them  of  massive  trees,  sometimes 
felled  by  the  violence  of  the  wind,  and  sometimes  by  the 
still  mightier  force  of  lightning. 

On  the  evening  of  the  twenty-first,  the  troops  having 
eaten  nothing  for  forty-eight  hours,  General  Lopez's 
horse  was  killed  and  divided  among  the  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five  men  who  were  now  all  that  remained 
with  their  chief.  This  little  force  wandered  aimlessly 
about  through  the  mountains,  hardly  knowing  how  to 
get  out  of  them,  and  subsisting  upon  such  edible  leaves 
and  roots  as  they  could  find,  until  Sunday,  the  twenty- 
fourth,  when  they  succeeded  in  reaching  the  road  that 
rvms  from  Bahia  Honda  to  San  Cristobal.  They  advanced 
along  this  road  until  nearly  night,  when  they  came  upon 
two  Spanish  lancers,  who  at  once  fled  upon  seeing  them. 
A  halt  was  immediately  ordered,  and  an  examination 
made  into  the  state  of  the  force;  which  showed  a  total 
of    one    hiondred    and    twenty-five    men,    eighty    muskets 


I04      Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

(about  twenty  of  which  were  serviceable),  and  forty  dry 
cartridges.  Under  this  state  of  affairs  it  was  deemed 
Disruption  advisable  to  retreat,  which  was  ordered.  The 
of  the  enemy,    who   lay    in    ambush    a   few   hundred 

Force. 

yards  in  advance,  with  a  force  of  nme  hundred 
men,  at  once  began  pursuit.  Upon  their  approach  Lopez's 
whole  force  separated  into  small  bodies  and  dispersed 
through  the  motmtains,  throwing  away  their  guns  and 
everything  that  could  encumber  them  in  their  flight. 
Only  seven  men  remained  with  the  General.  A  large 
number  were  overtaken  and  immediately  killed. 

The  largest  of  the  scattered  parties  remained  in  the 
mountains  until  the  morning  of  the  twenty-sixth  of 
August,  when,  having  had  but  one  meal  in  six  days,  and 
feeling  that  they  could  bear  it  no  longer,  they  determined 
to  go  down  into  the  plains,  considering  that  it  would  be 
better  to  be  killed  outright  than  to  die  of  the  slow  star- 
vation which  certainly  awaited  them  in  the  mountains. 
They  accordingly  advanced  to  a  house,  where  the}"  were 
treated  with  a  great  deal  of  kindness  and  were  given 
an  excellent  breakfast.  An  arrangement  was  here  made 
to  secure  a  guide  to  the  south  coast,  with  provisions,  etc., 
and  they  were  about  to  leave  and  conceal  themselves 
until  night;  when,  all  at  once,  they  were  surrounded 
by    some    three    hundred    Creoles    (the    people    they   had 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to   Cuba      105 

come  to  free),  who  immediately  bound  them  all  securely, 
and  appropriated  everything  they  could  find  in  the 
prisoners'  pockets. 

They  were  taken  that  day  to  San  Cristobal;  and  until 
they  reached  that  place  they  were  under  the  impression 
that  they  were  to  be  immediately  shot,  their  only  con- 
solation being  that  they  were  to  die  with  full  stomachs. 
At  San  Cristobal,  however,  they  were  informed  that  a 
proclamation  had  been  issued  ten  hours  before  their  cap- 
ture, sparing  the  lives  of  all  filibusteros  who  were  made 
prisoners  or  gave  themselves  up  within  four  days,  "except- 
ing always  the  traitor  Lopez,"  after  which  an  order  dated 
April  24,  1850,  by  which  all  foreigners  found  in  the  island 
were  to  be  put  to  death  was  again  to  be  continued  in 
full  force. 

On  the  twenty-eighth,  there  being  then  forty-seven 
prisoners  assembled,  they  were  taken  from  San  Cristobal 
and  started  for  Havana,  reaching  Guyamus  next  day, 
the  terminus  of  a  railroad  from  Havana.  There  an  order 
was  received  from  the  Captain-General  directing  that 
the  prisoners  be  taken  to  Mariel  for  embarkation,  he 
being  fearful  that  they  would  be  torn  to  pieces  by  the 
rabble  of  Havana  if  taken  by  rail.  Reaching  Mariel 
on  the  thirtieth,  they  were  embarked  on  the  steamer 
Almendares    to    proceed    to    Havana,    when    an    express 


io6      Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

arrived   bringing   information   of    the   capture   of    Lopez, 
and  the  steamer  was  delayed  to  await  his  arrival. 

On  the  night  of  the  twenty-foiirth  of 
Lopez  Taken.  August  Lopez  disappeared  from  the  mass  of 
his  band  with  a  few  of  the  Cubans  who  had 
come  from  New  Orleans  with  him.  On  the  twenty-eighth 
a  young  mountaineer  appeared  in  the  Spanish  camp  and 
reported  that  two  hours  before  he  had  seen  Lopez,  with 
six  vmarmed  followers;  and  that  Lopez  had  offered  him 
two  hundred  dollars,  besides  a  draft  for  two  thousand 
dollars,  payable  at  sight  in  Havana,  if  he  would  guide 
him  to  the  plantation  of  Diego  de  Tapia;  but  that  sud- 
denly, a  few  moments  after,  as  if  doubting  his  fidelity, 
had  ordered  him  away;  and  then  separating  from  his 
followers,  disappeared  in  the  woods,  accompanied  only 
by  a  mulatto  boy,  his  body  servant,  Pedro,  who  had 
come  from  New  Orleans  with  him.  He  was  captiired 
in  the  Pinos  de  Raguel  on  the  twenty-ninth  of  August, 
just  seventeen  days  after  his  landing,  by  seventeen  peas- 
ants of  the  country. 

Lopez  was  caught  with  bloodhounds.  The  dogs, 
being  some  distance  in  advance  of  the  pursuing  party, 
bit  him  severely  in  the  left  leg  before  they  came  up. 
The  seventeen  Creoles  in  the  party  that  took  him 
were  each  publicly  presented  with  one   thousand   dollars 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba      107 

and  a  cross   of   honor   immediately   after   his   execution, 
a  few  days  later. 

General    Lopez    arrived    at    Mariel    on    the 

Execution  of 

Lopez.  thirty-first   of    August,    when    the   Almendares 

immediately  headed  for  Havana  with  her 
cargo  of  "pirates."  Lopez  was  entirely  at  liberty  on 
board  the  ship,  and  smoked  his  cigaretto  with  appar- 
ently as  much  unconcern  as  he  ever  did  in  his  life.  Out- 
side the  harbor  of  Mariel  he  was  transferred  to  the  steam 
frigate  Pizarro,  which  conveyed  him  to  Havana,  and  he 
did  not  leave  this  ship  imtil  the  morning  of  the  second 
of  September,  when  he  was  taken  to  the  place  of 
execution. 

The  other  prisoners  were  confined  in  the  city  prison, 
in  the  rear  of  the  Punta.  They  passed  through  a  regular 
process,  their  hair  being  cut  close  to  their  heads;  then 
they  were  passed  into  the  hands  of  another  barber,  who 
deprived  them  of  their  whiskers;  then  another  man  pro- 
vided them  with  a  prison  uniform;  and  the  exercises 
were  terminated  by  a  big  negro,  who  securely  fastened 
them  in  pairs  with  a  chain  similar  in  size  and  weight  to 
a  log  chain. 

General  Lopez  was  executed  near  the  Punta,  at  seven 
o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  second  of  September.  He 
died  by  the  garrote,   as  he  was  not  deemed  worthy  of 


io8      Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

the  death  of  a  soldier  by  being  shot.  The  whole  space 
between  the  Punta  fort  and  the  Carcel  was  filled  with 
troops,  cavalry  and  infantry,  who  formed  an  immense 
square,  in  the  midst  of  which  was  erected  the  scaffold, 
about  twenty  feet  high,  the  top  surrounded  by  a  balcony; 
and  in  the  center  of  the  platform  was  the  garrote.  This 
consisted  of  a  small  upright  post,  at  the  back  of  which 
was  an  iron  screw,  and  in  front  were  the  fatal  collar  and 
the  chair  in  which  the  victim  was  to  be  seated.  A  pro- 
cession of  priests  with  long  black  caps,  carrying  a  black 
flag  or  banner,  passed  into  the  Punta,  which  was  sur- 
rounded by  soldiers;  and  about  twenty  minutes  later, 
at  the  tolling  of  a  bell,  Lopez  approached  under  guard, 
with  a  priest  on  either  side.  He  was  dressed  in  a  long 
white  garment  resembling  a  shroud,  with  a  hood  which 
covered  his  head  but  did  not  conceal  his  features.  The 
procession  moved  slowly  across  the  square  to  the  scaffold, 
which  Lopez  ascended  with  much  firmness,  together 
with  the  priests  and  one  or  two  officers.  The  negro  exe- 
cutioner had  preceded  him.  On  reaching  the  platform 
he  knelt  while  the  priests  recited  a  prayer;  on  rising  he 
took  the  crucifix  in  his  hand  and  kissed  it  repeatedly. 
One  of  the  officers  on  the  scaffold  then,  in  a  loud  tone, 
commanded  silence;  and  in  an  instant  the  vast  multi- 
tude  that  had   assembled   to   witness   the  execution  was 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to   Cuba      109 

as  still  as  the  grave.     Lopez  then  spoke  for  a  few  minutes, 
concluding  with  these  words: 

"  My  countrymen,  pardon  me  for  the  evil,  if  any,  I 
have  caused  you.  I  have  not  intended  anj^  evil,  but  good 
rather.     I  die  for  my  beloved  Cuba.     Farewell!" 

He  then  seated  himself  in  the  chair,  the  executioner 
adjusted  the  collar  around  his  neck,  gave  two  turns  with 
the  screw,  and  the  spirit  of  Narciso  Lopez  had  sped  from 
time  into  eternity. 

General  Lopez  had  many  wealthy  relatives  in  Ha- 
vana. At  the  time  of  his  execution  his  wife  was 
in  Paris;  and  his  son,  then  eighteen  years  old,  was 
at  school  in  Switzerland. 

Attitude  The  following  incident  may  be  related  as 

of  the  illustrating  the  character  of  the  people  whom 

Creoles. 

Lopez  was  endeavoring  to  free.  Two  of  his 
men,  badly  wounded,  were  left  at  the  house  of  a  miser- 
able old  Creole  named  Garcia.  He  treated  them  very 
well;  but,  being  badly  wounded,  they  died  at  his  house. 
Shortly  afterward  the  news  of  the  disruption  of  Lopez's 
force  reached  him,  and  then  this  Cuban  Parolles  instantly 
produced  his  dead  "pirates"  to  the  authorities,  alleging 
that  he  had  slain  them  "for  Queen  and  country."  He 
was  rewarded  with  a  decoration;  but  the  truth  came  to 
light   after  a  while,  Sehor  Garcia  was  compromised   and 


I  lO 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


was  himself  brought  within  the  shadow  of  death,  from 
which  he  escaped  by  a  commutation  of  his  sentence  to  a 
long  term  of  penal  servitude. 

During  the  whole  of  the  invasion  but  two  Creoles 
joined  Lopez,  and  both  of  these  were  killed  in  battle. 
The  Creoles  appear  to  have  everywhere  opposed  their 
liberators  with  the  utmost  hostility.  At  Aguacate  they 
took  and  delivered  twelve  prisoners.  The  Spanish  Colonel 
de  Lago  reported  that  on  the  twenty-sixth  of  August 
the  hills  about  San  Cristobal  were  full  of  Creoles,  with 
dogs,  in  pursuit  of  the  "pirates,"  and  guiding  the  troops 
in  the  work  of  extermination.  Commandant  Sanchez 
reported  that  they  offered  him  every  aid.  At  Bahia 
Honda  two  of  the  invaders  were  captured  at  one  time  by 
peasants,  sixteen  at  another  time,  and  seven  at  still 
another;  and  on  the  twenty-second  of  August  the  people 
of  Las  Pozas  shot  ten  who  had  fallen  into  their  hands. 
Whatever  may  have  been  the  wish  of  the  wealthier 
Creoles  for  Cuban  independence — provided  others  would 
achieve  it  for  them — the  small  cidtivators  of  the  district 
where  Lopez  landed  adhered  to  the  roj^al  cause. 

The  Result  According  to  the  records  they  kept  of  the 

°*  ^^^  matter,    the    Spaniards   were   able   to   accovmt 

Expedition. 

for  two  hundred  and  seventy-one  men  (includ- 
ing   Crittenden's    command)    whom    they    had    killed — 


CAPTAIN  ROBERT  H.   BRECKENRIDGE. 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


1 1 1 


that  is,  ill  action,  wounded  men  who  were  left  on  the 
field,  sick  and  fatigued  men  who  gave  out  on  the  march 
and  were  left  behind,  and  men  whom  they  had  hunted 
down  in  the  mountains  with  dogs.  First  and  last  they 
took  one  hundred  and  seventy-three  prisoners  whom 
they  did  not  kill.  These,  together  with  the  two  hun- 
dred and  seventy-one  killed,  made  a  total  of  four  hun- 
dred and  forty-four,  leaving  nine  men  unaccounted  for 
out  of  the  four  hundred  and  fifty-three  who  landed  at 
Morillos  on  the  twelfth  of  August.  These  nine  men 
probably  perished  in  the  mountains;  or  it  is  possible 
that  some  of  them  were  able  to  make  their  escape  from 
the  island  and  return  to  their  homes.  If  this  was  the 
case,  the  fact  is  not  now  known.  Two  are  known  to  have 
come  near  it,  however. 

Thrilling  ^^^    ^^^    twenty-fourth    of    September,     a 

Adventures     month   after   the   dispersion   and   total   failure 

of 

Breckenridge  '^^  ^^^  expedition,  a  Spanish  schooner  arrived 
and  Beach.  ^^  Mariel,  a  small  fortified  port  about  twenty 
miles  from  Havana,  having  on  board  two  Americans, 
Robert  H.  Breckenridge  and  Ransom  Beach,  both  of 
Kentucky,  who  had  been  picked  up  from  a  small  boat 
about  twenty  miles  from  the  coast  of  Cuba.  Their 
wretched  condition,  as  well  as  the  circumstances  in  which 
they   were   found,    seemed    to   justify   the   suspicion   that 


112      Lopez's   Expeditions   to   Cuba 

they  were  members  of  the  Lopez  invading  party;  and 
upon  their  arrival  in  Havana  on  the  twenty-sixth  they 
were  in  imminent  danger  of  being  executed. 

Their  own  account  of  themselves,  given  to  their  friends, 
was  that  they  were  all  that  remained  of  a  company  of  six 
who  since  the  scattering  of  the  invading  party  on  the 
twenty-first  of  August  had  wandered  aimlessly  about 
among  the  mountains.  They  were  pursued  by  Spanish 
troops,  who  killed  three  of  the  party  and  took  a  fourth 
prisoner.  Breckenridge  and  Beach  escaped  by  jumping 
down  a  precipice  and  afterward  hiding  themselves  in 
the  thick  underwood,  which  in  Cuba  grows  so  close  that 
even  those  who  were  pursuing  a  runaway  slave  never 
thought  of  continuing  the  pursuit  when  he  took  to  the 
wooded  mountains.  After  great  sioffering,  and  living  for 
days  upon  a  little  com  which  they  gleaned  from  the  well 
reaped  fields,  and  upon  land  crabs,  they  finally  decided 
to  make  for  the  coast.  When  they  reached  it  they  saw 
a  schooner  at  anchor  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the 
shore;  and,  what  was  more  important  to  them,  they 
perceived  that  she  had  a  small  boat  floating  astern.  In 
spite  of  their  exhausted  condition,  and  of  the  ravenous 
sharks  that  abound  in  those  waters,  the  young  men 
decided  to  swim  out  to  this  boat,  and  to  attempt  to 
escape  in  it. 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


H3 


Accordingly  they  waited  until  twilight,  and  then 
swam  out.  They  found  no  one  in  the  boat,  but  a  man 
was  standing  on  the  quarter-deck  of  the  schooner.  He 
remained  there  with  most  provoking  pertinacit)^  until 
they  thought  they  shotdd  sink  from  mere  exhaustion, 
for  their  strength  was  so  far  spent  that  they  could  hardly 
hold  on  by  the  boat.  At  last  the  man  went  forward  and 
entered  the  forecastle,  and  they  succeeded  in  getting 
on  board  the  schooner  and  securing  two  oars.  They 
then  descended  into  the  small  boat,  which  they  cut  adrift 
from  the  schooner,  and  put  to  sea.  After  having  been 
at  sea  about  thirty  hours,  and  rowing  nearly  all  the  time, 
and  just  as  the  mountains,  over  which  they  had  been 
pursued  many  weary  days  and  on  which  they  had  lain 
many  weary  nights,  were  fading  from  view,  they  were  met 
by  a  Spanish  collier,  on  board  of  which  they  went  volun- 
tarily. The  captain  promised  to  take  them  to  Havana 
and  put  them  in  the  way  of  reaching  the  United  States, 
their  story  to  him  being  that  they  were  American  gentle- 
men who,  while  out  fishing,  had  been  blown  to  sea  from 
the  entrance  to  Key  West  harbor.  They  were  landed 
at  Mariel;  and  from  thence  they  were  soon  marched  to 
Havana  under  guard  of  six  soldiers,  into  the  presence 
of  the  Captain-General,  being  first  bound,  and  kicked 
and  cuffed  on  the  way. 


114      Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

The  Captain-General  addressed  them  as  pirates  of 
Lopez's  gang,  and  demanded  that  they  should  confess 
as  much.  In  spite  of  threats,  they  refused  to  do  this; 
and  in  answer  to  Concha's  declaration  that  he  was  sure 
they  were  of  Lopez's  expedition,  and  that  he  had  a  mind 
to  shoot  them  on  the  spot  if  they  did  not  confess  it,  they 
replied:  "Fire  away!  We  are  American  gentlemen,  and 
will  not  die  with  a  lie  on  our  lips."  Breckenridge  said 
that  personally  he  cordially  approved  of  Lopez's  expe- 
dition, and  believed  that  Cuba  ought  to  be  free,  but  that 
he  had  had  no  part  in  the  expedition,  and  that  if  he  was 
shot  his  American  friends  would  avenge  him.  At  that 
time  one  of  his  grandfathers  was  Governor  of  Virginia, 
and  he  had  two  or  three  cousins  in  Congress.  The  Cap- 
tain-General concluded  not  to  shoot  them  then;  but 
after  another  liberal  allowance  of  kicks  and  cuffs  they 
were  thrown  into  prison. 

Their  story,  however,  got  abroad,  and  Captain  Piatt, 
of  the  Albany,  and  the  American  Consul  made  prompt 
inquiries  into  so  summary  a  disposal  of  American  citizens 
taken  on  the  high  seas.  A  communication  on  the  sub- 
ject from  Mr.  Owen  to  the  Captain-General  having 
remained  some  hours  unanswered.  Captain  Piatt  sought 
an  inter^dew,  and  protested  in  strong  terms  against  the 
injustice   of   condemning   without   a    hearing   men    taken 


Lopez's    Expeditions   to    Cuba      115 

in  such  a  manner,  calling  attention  particularly  to  the 
fact  that  they  were  taken  on  the  high  seas,  and  out  of 
the  Spanish  jurisdiction.  The  Captain-General  replied 
to  this  that  the  men  had  confessed  that  they  were  of  the 
Lopez  party.  Captain  Piatt  pleaded  that  this  should 
not  be  to  their  prejudice,  as  a  man  should  be  proved 
guilty  by  other  evidence  than  a  confession  extorted  from 
him,  most  likely  by  threats.  Unfortunately  for  this  plea, 
however,  a  confession  in  Cuba,  by  whatever  means 
obtained,  was  ample  grounds  for  a  conviction,  the  whole 
criminal  practice  there  being  at  that  time  based  upon 
the  maxim  that  an  accused  party  is  to  be  considered 
guilty  until  he  proves  his  innocence.  The  result  of  the 
interview  was  that  Breckenridge  and  Beach  were  ordered 
to  be  kept  in  Havana  for  trial,  instead  of  going  to  Spain 
for  ten  years  the  next  morning  in  chains,  as  would  have 
otherwise  occurred.  They  always  denied  that  they  had 
made  a  confession.  Commodore  Parker,  who  had  been 
ordered  on  a  short  cruise  to  Matanzas  in  the  Saranac, 
returned  in  a  day  or  two,  and  interceded  for  the  pardon 
of  the  young  men.  The  result  was  that  Breckenridge 
was  pardoned,  but  Beach  was  sent  to  Spain  under  sen- 
tence of  ten  years'  hard  labor  in  the  quicksilver  mines. 


ii6      Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

The  Fate  During  September  all  the  prisoners,  except 

of  the  the  few  who  were  pardoned,   were   embarked 

Prisoners.  .        ^       .  r   i         i    i    i 

for  Spam,  imder  long  sentences  oi  hard  labor 
in  the  quicksilver  mines.  ^  Mr.  John  S.  Thrasher,  an 
American  citizen  living  in  Havana,  where  he  published 
El  Faro,  one  of  the  principal  newspapers  of  the  city,  inter- 
ested himself  to  solicit  subscriptions  to  a  fund  for  the 
purpose  of  supplying  the  prisoners  with  comforts  during 
the  long  voyage.  He  succeeded  in  raising  eighteen  hun- 
dred dollars  for  this  purpose,  which  was  all  given  secretly, 
as  it  was  almost  as  much  as  a  Cuban's  life  was  worth  to 
have  given  to  such  a  fund  openly.  For  his  pains  in  behalf 
of  himianity,  Mr.  Thrasher's  paper  was  suppressed  and 
he  was  sentenced  to  eight  years  at  hard  labor  in  the  mines 
in  Spain,  or  rather  at  Spain's  penal  colon}'  at  Ceuta,  in 
Africa,  opposite  Gibraltar.  The  prisoners  embarked  in 
good  spirits,  for  it  was  somehow  whispered  among  them 
that  they  would  be  pardoned  soon  after  reaching  Ceuta. 
This  proved  to  be  true.  Queen  Isabella  extending  to  them 
that  clemency  soon  after  they  landed.  This  was  no 
doubt  due  to  the  exertions  of  President  Fillmore,  who 
interceded  in  their  behalf  on  the  grovmd*  that  they  had 
been  inveigled  into  the  expedition  upon  representations 
that  an  actual  revolution  was  on  foot  in  Cuba,  and  that 

^See  Appendix  for  a  list  of  those  sent  to  the  quicksilver  tnines. 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 


117 


the  patriots  were  in  possession  of  forty  towns.  None 
of  the  Hungarian  prisoners,  however,  were  released,  but 
some  of  them  succeeded  in  making  their  escape,  among 
whom  was  Major  Louis  Schlesinger. 

Doctor  Santa  Rosa,  who  was  among  the  unfortunates 
sent  to  the  quicksilver  mines,  was  one  of  the  thirteen 
prominent  men  who  raised  the  banner  of  revolt  in  Cuba 
in  1868 — a  revolt  which  lasted  for  eight  years  and 
cost  Spain  more  than  seven  hundred  million  dollars. 
He  was  taken  prisoner  in  that  war,  but  escaped  to 
renew  the  struggle;  and  was  again  taken  on  board  the 
ill-fated  Virginius  on  October  23,  1873.  He  was  one 
of  the  fifty-three  prisoners  from  that  ship  who  were 
shot  a  few  days  later  before  the  walls  of  the  well-named 
Slaughter  House,  in  Santiago. 

The  Bahia  Honda  Expedition  made  a  pro- 

"It  Might 

Have  Been."  fo^nd  impression  in  Cuba — a  far  greater 
impression  than  is  generally  supposed  in  the 
United  States.  The  fears  of  the  Spanish  Government 
exaggerated  its  strength,  and  the  whole  military  power 
of  the  island  was  exerted  against  it.  Havana  was  so 
depleted  of  troops  in  order  to  meet  Lopez  that  at  one 
time  it  was  practically  unprotected,  and  might  easily 
have  been  taken  by  even  such  another  small  force  as 


ii8      Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba 

Lopez  then  had  with  him.  As  it  was,  his  httle  army  of 
a  few  hundred  men  and  lads  fought  a  body  eight  times 
their  ntimber,  keeping  them  at  bay,  and  causing  great 
slaughter.  The  railroad  trains  carried  the  wovinded  into 
Havana,  car  after  car;  rumors  of  defeat  filled  the  city; 
artillery  was  sent  out  in  great  force;  and  the  actual  loss 
of  the  Spaniards  in  killed  and  wounded  was  said  to  be 
more  than  one  thousand  men.  Had  the  Creoles  risen, 
as  they  were  expected  to  do,  that  little  handful  of  brave 
men  might  really  have  been  the  means  of  establish- 
ing Cuban  independence,  forty-seven  years  before  that 
fact  was  really  accomplished  by  the  army  and  navy 
of  the  United  States. 

Colonel  Theodore  O'Hara  and  Colonel  John 

Lopez  Was 

Deceived.  T.  Pickett  called  to  see  Mrs.  Murray,  Colonel 
William  L.  Crittenden's  mother,  after  his 
death,  and  told  her  in  the  conversation  they  had  about 
Cuban  matters,  on  that  occasion,  that  Lopez  was  deceived 
as  to  the  anticipated  uprising  of  the  Cubans  by  a  Spanish 
officer  whom  he  supposed  to  be  his  friend,  and  a  friend 
of  Cuban  liberty,  and  in  whom  he  placed  implicit  con- 
fidence. He  afterward  recognized  this  officer  fighting 
against  him  in  one  of  the  battles. 

Colonel  Crittenden's  mother  had,  ultimately,  no  doubt 
that  Lopez  himself  was  deceived  as  to  the  state  of  affairs 


Lopez's    Expeditions    to    Cuba      119 

in  Cuba;  and  that,  being  deceived  himself,  he  innocently 
and  honestly  deceived  others.  And  this  will  be  the 
verdict  of  history. 

The  failure  of  the  Bahia  Honda  Expe- 
Cuba  Libre !  dition  apparently  did  not  dampen  the  ardor 
of  the  friends  of  Cuba  in  America;  for,  under 
the  leadership  of  General  Quitman,  of  Mississippi,  and 
others,  numerous  other  expeditions  were  organized;  none 
of  which,  however,  were  able  to  leave  our  shores,  on 
account  of  the  vigilance  exercised  by  the  United  States 
Government  to  prevent  them.  The  agitation  in  this 
direction  did  not  effectually  die  out  until  shortly  before 
the  beginning  of  our  own  Civil  War.  After  that  the  insur- 
rections of  the  native  Cubans  themselves  were  of  more 
or  less  magnitude,  and  were  at  times  attended  with  a 
considerable  degree  of  success,  until  the  freedom  of  the 
unhappy  island  was  finally  achieved  by  the  co-operation 
of  the  United  States  Government  itself. 

Reading  history  broadly,  one  must  perceive  that  the 
military  demonstrations  of  Lopez  and  his  American  fol- 
lowers against  the  Spanish  power  in  Cuba  was  simply  a 
disastrous  incident  in  the  long  struggle  between  the 
English  and  the  Spanish  races,  which  began  about  the  year 
1550  and  seems  to  have  been  brought  to  a  finality  in 
1898,  when  the  people  of  the  United  States  freed  Cuba, 
and  drove  Spain  from  her  last  foothold  in  the  New  World. 


APPENDIX 


THE  KENTUCKY  REGIMENT 

It  is  not  known  what  became  of  the  rolls  and  records 
of  the  Kentucky  Regiment  in  the  Cardenas  Expedition, 
or  whether  they  were  preserved  at  all.  The  following 
incomplete  roster  of  its  officers,  and  statement  of  its 
losses,  was  picked  out  from  various  sources: 

Colonel  Theodore  O'Hara,  Frankfort. 

' Lieutenant-Colonel  John  T.  Pickett,  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia. 

Major  Thomas  T.  Hawkins,  Newport. 
^Major  William  Hardy,  Covington. 
'Adjutant  H.  T.  Titus,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 
'Quartermaster  Thomas  P.  Hoy,  Galveston,  Texas. 

Surgeon,  Doctor  Samuel  Scott,  Florence. 

Chaplain,   Reverend  John   McF.  McCann   (Episcopal),   Paris. 

Captain  John  Allen,  Shelbyville. 

Captain  John  A.  Logan,  Shelbyville. 

Captain  H.  H.  Robinson,  Company  D. 

Captain  F.  C.  Wilson,  Company  H. 

Captain  Lewis. 

Captain  Knight. 

'Lieutenant  Richardson  Hardy,  Company  D,  editor  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati Nonpareil. 

Lieutenant  John  Carl  Johnston,  Louisville. 

Lieutenant  Albert  W.  Johnson. 

Lieutenant  Joe  Smith,  Louisville. 

Lieutenant  Jack  Reading,  Shelbyville. 

Lieutenant  J.  J.  Gamett,  Bowling  Green. 

'Native  of  Kentucky,  but  at  that  time  residing  elsewhere. 
^There  was  an  unsettled  dispute  as  to  seniority  between  the  two  Majors;  but 
Hawkins'  claims  seem  to  have  been  recognized. 


122  Appendix 

Lieutenant  J.  McDerman,  Company  F. 

Lieutenant  W.  H.  Barton. 

Lieutenant  C.  H.  Rawlings. 

Lieutenant  Sayre. 

Lieutenant  Greenlee. 

Lieutenant  Horton. 

Lieutenant  Knott. 

Lieutenant  Dear. 

Lieutenant  Harnley. 

Sergeant-Major  McDonald. 

Color  Sergeant  William  Redding,  who  carried  the  "Free  Flag 
of  Cuba"  in  the  battle  at  Cardenas,  and  brought  back  to  America 
the  tatters  left  by  the  enemy's  bullets. 

Sergeant  Robert  Wheeling,  Company  D. 

Sergeant  Henry  Cruse,  Company  D. 

Corporal  Thomas  Work. 

The  following  were  the  casualities  of  the  Kentucky 
Regiment  in  the  battle  of  Cardenas: 

Killed. 
Captain  John  A.  Logan,  Shelbyville. 
Lieutenant  James  J.  Gamett,  Bowling  Green. 
Chaplain  John  McFarland  McCann,  Paris. 
Sergeant  Henry  Cruse,  Company  D. 
Ten  privates — fourteen. 

Wounded. 
Colonel  Theodore  O'Hara. 
Major  Thomas  T.  Hawkins. 

Lieutenant  Sayre. 

Lieutenant  Harnley. 

Sergeant  Robert  Wheeling. 
Twenty-one  privates — twenty-six. 

Thus  the  loss  of  the  regiment  in  the  engagement 
amounted  to  forty,  all  told;  or  more  than  twenty- two 
per  cent  of  those  engaged. 


Appendix  123 


THE  BIVOUAC  OF  THE  DEAD. 

BY   THEODORE  O'HARA. 

The  muffled  drum's  sad  roll  has  beat 

The  soldier's  last  tattoo; 
No  more  on  life's  parade  shall  meet 

That  brave  and  fallen  few. 
On  Fame's  eternal  camping-ground 

Their  silent  tents  are  spread, 
But  Glory  guards,  with  solemn  round. 

The  bivouac  of  the  dead. 

No  rumor  of  the  foe's  advance 

Now  swells  upon  the  wind; 
No  troubled  thought  at  midnight  haunts 

Of  loved  ones  left  behind ; 
No  vision  of  the  morrow's  strife 
The  warrior's  dream  alarms; 
No  braying  horn  nor  screaming  fife 

At  dawn  shall  call  to  arms. 

Their  shivered  swords  are  red  with  rust. 

Their  plumed  heads  are  bowed; 
Their  haughty  banner,  trailed  in  dust, 

Is  now  their  martial  shroud. 
And  plenteous  funeral  tears  have  washed 

The  red  stains  from  each  brow. 
And  the  proud  forms,  in  battle  gashed, 

Are  free  from  anguish  now. 

The  neighing  troop,  the  flashing  blade, 

The  bugle's  stirring  blast, 
The  charge,  the  dreadful  cannonade, 

The  din  and  shout  are  past; 
Nor  war's  wild  note,  nor  glory's  peal. 

Shall  thrill  with  fierce  delight 
Those  breasts  that  never  more  may  feel 

The  rapture  of  the  fight. 


124  Appendix 


Like  the  fierce  northern  hurricane 

That  sweeps  his  great  plateau, 
Flushed  with  the  triumph  yet  to  gain, 

Came  down  the  serried  foe. 
Who  heard  the  thunder  of  the  fray 

Break  o'er  the  field  beneath, 
Knew  well  the  watchword  of  that  day 

Was  "Victory  or  death." 

Long  has  the  doubtful. conflict  raged 

O'er  all  that  stricken  plain. 
For  never  fiercer  fight  had  waged 

The  vengeful  blood  of  Spain; 
And  still  the  storm  of  battle  blew, 

Still  swelled  the  gory  tide; 
Not  long  our  stout  old  chieftain  knew. 

Such  odds  his  strength  could  bide. 

'Twas  in  that  hour  his  stern  command 

Called  to  a  martyr's  grave 
The  flower  of  his  beloved  land, 

The  nation's  flag  to  save. 
By  rivers  of  their  father's  gore 

His  first-bom  laurels  grew. 
And  well  he  deemed  the  sons  would  pour 

Their  lives  for  glon,'  too. 

Full  many  a  norther's  breath  has  swept 

O'er  Angostura's  plain — 
And  long  the  pit\4ng  sky  has  wept 

Above  the  moldering  slain. 
The  raven's  scream,  or  eagle's  flight. 

Or  shepherd's  pensive  lay, 
Alone  awakes  each  sullen  height 

That  frowned  o'er  that  dread  fray. 


Appendix  125 

Sons  of  the  Dark  and  Bloody  Ground, 

Ye  must  not  slumber  there, 
Where  stranger  steps  and  tongues  resound 

Along  the  heedless  air. 
Your  own  proud  State's  heroic  soil 

Shall  be  your  fitter  grave; 
She  claims  from  War  his  richest  spoil — 

The  ashes  of  her  brave. 

Thus  'neath  their  parent  turf  they  rest. 

Far  from  the  gory  field. 
Borne  to  a  Spartan  mother's  breast 

On  many  a  bloody  shield; 
The  sunshine  of  their  native  sky 

Smiles  sadly  on  them  here, 
And  kindred  eyes  and  hearts  watch  by 

The  heroes'  sepulcher. 

Rest  on,  embalmed  and  sainted  dead, 

Dear  as  the  blood  ye  gave. 
No  impious  footstep  here  shall  tread 

The  herbage  of  your  grave; 
Nor  shall  your  glory  be  forgot 

While  Fame  her  record  keeps. 
Or  Honor  points  the  hallowed  spot 

Where  Valor  proudly  sleeps. 

Yon  marble  minstrel's  voiceful  stone 

In  deathless  song  shall  tell 
When  many  a  vanquished  age  hath  flown, 

The  story  how  ye  fell; 
Nor  wreck,  nor  change,  nor  winter's  blight. 

Nor  Time's  remorseless  doom. 
Shall  dim  one  ray  of  glory's  light 

That  gilds  your  deathless  tomb. 


126  Appendix 

SENT  TO  THE  QUICKSILVER  MINES  IN  SPAIN. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  "  Filibusteros "  of  the 
Bahia  Honda  Expedition  who  were  taken  prisoners  by 
the  Spaniards,  and  sent  to  Spain  under  sentence  of  hard 
labor  in  the  quicksilver  mines: 

NAME.  COUNTRY.  OCCUPATION.  AGE. 

James  Smith   Leyden,  Massachusetts .  .  Farmer 29 

Cornelius  Duffy Boston,  Massachusetts  .  Clerk 17 

George  W.  Richardson  ....  Massachusetts Clerk 35 

George  Edgerton Massachusetts Clerk 24 

Thomas  H.  Lee New  London,  Conn  ....  Clerk 19 

Harney  Williams Connecticut Farmer 48 

Dandridge  Seay South  Carolina Engineer 21 

James  Cajerman South  Carolina Carpenter 19 

Edward  O.  Bell South  Carolina Clerk 20 

David  Winbum South  Carolina Bricklayer  37 

Benjamin  Hanna Pennsylvania Farmer 22 

George  Holdship Pennsylvania Boatman 20 

Henr\'  B.  Hart Pennsylvania Engineer 22 

J.  P.  Simpson  . .  .'. Pennsylvania Butcher 23 

George  Wilson Pennsylvania Japanner 21 

Charles  Geblin Pennsylvania Boatman 23 

Edgar  Cressy Pennsylvania Painter 27 

John  McKiniop Pennsylvania Boatman 26 

H.  Stanmire Pennsylvania 26 

John  Clure Pennsylvania Boatman 21 

Benjamin  Hand Pennsylvania Farmer 22 

Thomas  Little Philadelphia,  Pa Carpenter 30 

James  M.  Wilson Indiana Clerk 22 

John  D.  Ballar Indiana Clerk 25 

Fenton  D.  Hough Indiana Engineer 19 

M.  L.  Hefrow New  York Steward  21 

William  Wilson New  York Clerk 22 


Appendix 


127 


John  Denton New  York Clerk 28 

Thomas  Denton New  York Carpenter 32 

George  W.  Foster New  York Laborer 17 

EHjah  J.  Otis New  York Boatman 22 

ComeUus  Sebring New  York Laborer 25 

James  Albing New  York Boatman 21 

Joseph  Stevens  New  York Carpenter 26 

Daniel  Gano New  York Laborer 26 

Franklin  Boyd New  York Engineer 21 

Benjamin  Fagan Ohio   Boatman 19 

George  E.  Metcalfe Ohio   Druggist 22 

Henry  West Ohio   Saddler 26 

Isaac  Fanbome Ohio  Tailor 38 

Benjamin  Gilmore Ohio   Bricklayer  ....  19 

WiUiam  L.  Wilkinson Mobile,  Alabama Engineer 25 


Thomas  R.  Monroe  . 

Cornelius  Cook 

John  R.  Pruitt 

H.  J.  Thomasson  .  .  .  . 
Daniel  E.  DeWolf  .  .  . 
Armand  R.  Woer  .  .  . 

Peter  McMullen 

Ansell  R.  Ludwing  .  . 

S.  H.  Pumell  

Henry  Metcalfe 

C.  A.  McMurray 

John  Boswell 

Charles  H.  Downer  .  . 
W.  H.  McKensey  . .  .  . 

Malbon  K.  Scott 

Wilham  H.  Vaughan 

William  Wilson 

David  Q.  Rousseau . 


Alabama Machinist 20 

.  Alabama Printer 20 

.  Alabama Printer 24 

.  Alabama Clerk 18 

.  Alabama Clerk 23 

.  Alabama Clerk 22 

.  Maine Cook 20 

.  Maine Seaman 28 

.  Mississippi Printer 20 

.Mississippi Druggist 19 

.  Maryland Printer 21 

.  Maryland Mason 25 

.  Maryland Clerk 23 

.  Kentucky Bricklayer  ....  18 

.  Kentucky Ceriner  (sic)  ...  20 

.  Kentucky Clerk 40 

.  Kentucky Boatman 18 

.  Kentucky Bricklayer       .24 

34 


Robert  H.  Grider Kentucky Merchant 


.  Kentucky Farmer 23 

.  Kentucky Clerk 20 

.  Kentucky Boatman  25 

John  Johnson Owensboro,  Kentucky      Merchant 35 


Francis  C.  Mahan 

Edmund  H.  McDonald 
Preston  Essex 


128  Appendix 

John  A.  Sowers Bem^-ille,  Kentucky  .  .    Merchant 21 

Ransom  Beach Kentucky Farmer 22 

William  Herb Georgia Clerk 16 

Wilson  L.  Reeves Georgia 19 

William  Hero Georgia Clerk 16 

William  H.  Craft Virginia Jenrier  (sk)  ...  23 

John  G.  Bush Virginia Printer 24 

William  Cameron   Virginia Carpenter 45 

John  Cooper Virginia Clerk 19 

Thomas  Hudnall Virginia Farmer 35 

Charles  Horwell Virginia Printer 23 

Peter  Lacoste New  Orleans,  Louisiana .  Driver 21 

J.  Cassanovas New  Orleans,  Louisiana .  Clerk 32 

J.  H.  Hearsey New  Orleans,  Louisiana .  Clerk 25 

Charles  Harrison New  Orleans,  Louisiana .  Painter 21 

Victor  Dupar New  Orleans,  Louisiana  Engineer 19 

Joseph  B.  Gunst New  Orleans,  Louisiana .  Clerk 16 

Thomas  D.  Brown New  Orleans,  Louisiana .  Driver 25 

George  Parr New  Orleans,  Louisiana .  Clerk 25 

William  Miller New  Orleans,  Louisiana 32 

Thomas  Hilton   Washington,  D.  C Painter 26 

Robert  Ellis Washington,  D.  C Clerk 22 

John  Carter Illinois Carpenter 26 

Thomas  L.  McMill North  CaroHna Clerk 23 

Antonio  Romero Navarra,  Cuba Laborer 26 

Francisco  Iglesias Zamora,  Cuba .      Laborer 24 

Antonio  Hernandez Havana,  Cuba Painter 22 

Julio  Chassana Havana,  Cuba Silversmith  . .  .  .27 

Antonio  Alfonso   Havana,  Cuba Physician 31 

Miguel  Guerro Havana,  Cuba Shoemaker  ....  26 

Martino  Melesimo Havana,  Cuba Tobacconist  .    .29 

Manuel  Martinez Havana,  Cuba Tobacconist  ...  35 

Manuel  Fleuri   Havana,  Cuba Printer 32 

Pedro  Nolasco Havana,  Cuba Cook 18 

Francisco  Alejandro  Laine .  Alquizar,  Cuba   Overseer 27 

Manuel  Diaz Bayamo,  Cuba Merchant 34 

Eduardo  Sarmeron Verja,  Cuba Shoemaker  ...  27 

Ramon  Arman Matanzas,  Cuba Penman   31 


Appendix  129 

Pedro  Manuel  Lopez Venezuela Merchant 24 

Robert  Schuetz Germany Josrier  (sic)   ...  24 

Conrad  Paratolt Germany Clerk 17 

Louis  Bawder Germany Barkeeper 37 

Charles  Null Germany Baker 24 

Conrad  Taylor Germany Cook 24 

Jacob  Foutz Germany.  . ,  ; Butcher 20 

Henry  Schmidt Germany Butcher 21 

George  Schmidt Germany Laborer 21 

Zyriack  Scheiprt Germany Watchmaker  .  .  34 

Edward  Weiss Germany Butcher 22 

Louis  Hagan   Germany Confectioner  ...  22 

Harlo  Schluht Germany Soldier 29 

Bernard  Allen Dubhn,  Ireland Carpenter 18 

Patrick  Coleman Ireland Laborer 29 

John  Murphy Ireland Waiter 23 

Supe  L.  Cully Ireland Carpenter 20 

Thomas  Dailey Ireland Clerk 19 

Patrick  Abac  Gath Ireland Laborer 28 

Thomas  McClelland Ireland Shoemaker  ...  22 

Bernard  McLeabe Ireland Laborer 32 

Martin  Muellen Ireland Cook 19 

Timothy  K.  Henry Ireland Clerk 32 

Henry  Sayle England Moulder 22 

James  Brady England  (Isle  of  Wight) .  Laborer 36 

William  Coussins England Clerk 20 

James  G.  Iwen England Merchant  .        .21 

Conrad  Cichler Hungary Printer 23 

George  Bontila Hungary Merchant   26 

Joseph  Ciceri Hungary Soldier 19 

John  Peteri Hungary Soldier 23 

Emerich  Badneih Hungary Soldier 27 

Bela  Kerekes Hungary Soldier 22 

Janos  Virag Hungary Soldier 24 

Janos  Niskos Hungary Soldier 23 

Richard  Nelson Copenhagen,  Denmark 39 

Pierre  C.  de  Boumazal   .    .France Tailor 40 

W.  S.  Constantine Canada Printer 22 

Michael  Bero     Poland   Soldier 26 


I30  Appendix 

The  following  members  of  the  expedition  who  were 
taken  prisoners  received  free  pardons  from  the  Captain- 
General  of  Cuba,  and  returned  at  once  to  the  United 
States,  viz: 

Colonel  W.  Scott  Haynes,  New  Orleans. 
Captain  J.  A.  Kelly,  New  Orleans. 
Lieutenant  P.  S.  Van  Vechten,  New  York. 
Lieutenant  H.  G.  Summers,  New  Orleans. 
Lieutenant  Robert  H.  Breckenridge,  Kentucky. 
Lieutenant  James  Chapman,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

The  prisoners  sentenced  to  the  mines  were  deported  at 
different  times,  one  hundred  and  sixteen  going  in  the 
first  lot  that  sailed,  and  smaller  numbers  in  subsequent 
lots.  The  lists  above  given  comprise  only  one  hundred 
and  forty-eight  names  out  of  the  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
three  prisoners  who  were  taken;  leaving  twenty-five  still 
to  be  accounted  for.  Some  of  these  undoubtedly  died 
in  hospitals  in  Cuba,  and  others  were  sent  to  Spain  at 
later  dates,  and  their  names  were  not  published,  perhaps. 
At  the  time  the  first  lot  of  prisoners  were  sent  to  Spain 
— September  8,  1851 — it  was  reported  that  forty-seven 
others  were  in  hospitals  in  Cuba.  The  missing  names 
may  be  included  among  the  following,  reported  as  cap- 
tured, about  whom  nothing  was  subsequently  published: 


Appendix  131 

Major  Louis  Schlesinger,  Hungary. 

Lieutenant  R.  M.  Crigler,  Kentucky. 

Francis  B.  Holmes,  Kentucky. 

J.  D.  Hughes,  Kentucky. 

J.  B.  Braum,  New  Orleans. 

James  G.  Devew,  New  Orleans. 

M.  Lieger,  New  Orleans. 

John  Kline,  New  Orleans. 

George  Foster,  New  Orleans. 

C.  Knowll,  New  Orleans. 

James  Fiddes,  New  Orleans. 

W.  L.  Hessen,  New  York. 

Preston  Estes,  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

Francisco  Cubia  y  Garcia,  Havana,  Cuba. 

Jose  Dovren,  Havana,  Cuba. 

Ciriaco  SenepH,  Havana,  Cuba. 

M.  Arago,  Havana,  Cuba. 

L.  Sujilolet,  Havana,  Cuba. 

Andres  Gonzales,  Nueva  Grenada,  Cuba. 

J.  Sucit,  Germany. 

William  Losner,  Germany. 

R.  Schulte,  Germany. 


132  Appendix 

LAST  LETTERS  OF  SOME  OF  CRITTENDEN'S  MEN. 

The  following  letters  from  some  of  Crittenden's  com- 
panions in  martyrdom  were  published  in  the  New  Orleans 
papers  shortly  after  the  tragedy: 

[From  Captain  Victor  Ker.] 
My  dear  Felicia: 

Adieu,  my  dear  wife.  This  is  the  last  letter  that  you  will  receive 
from  your  Victor.  In  one  hour  I  shall  be  no  more.  Embrace  all 
of  my  friends  for  me.  Never  marry  again ;  it  is  my  desire.  My  adieu 
to  my  sisters  and  brothers.     Again,  a  last  adieu.     I  die  Uke  a  soldier. 

Your  husband,  Victor  Ker. 

August  1 6,  6  o'clock,   1851. 

My  dear  Brother  Robert: 

Adieu!  I  am  to  be  shot  in  an  hour — there  is  no  remedy  for  it. 
This  %vill  be  handed  to  you  by  my  friend,  Mr.  Costa,  who  has  been 
kind  enough  to  take  charge  of  it.  Adieu,  Robert.  I  die  as  a  man 
and  an  American  should  die.  Kiss  your  dear  wife,  my  good  mother, 
sisters  and  brothers;  and  believe  me,  ever  your  brother. 

Victor  Ker. 

August  16,  6^  o'clock,  1 85 1. 

My  dear  friends: 

I  leave  you  forever,  and  I  go  to  the  other  world.  I  am  prisoner 
in  Havana,  and  in  an  hour  I  shall  have  ceased  to  exist.  My  dearest 
friends,  think  often  of  me.  I  die  worthy  of  a  Creole,  worthy  of  a 
Louisianian  and  of  a  Ker.  My  dearest  friends,  adieu  for  the  last 
time.  Your  devoted  friend, 

August  16,  6\  o'clock,  1 85 1.  Victor  Ker. 

[From  Lieutenant  Thomas  C.  James.] 

Spanish  Frigate  Esperanza, 
Harbor  of  Havana,  August  16,  1851. 
My  Dear  Brothers  and  Sisters: 

This  is  the  last  letter  you  wdll  ever  receive  from  your  brother 
Thomas.  In  one  hour  more  I  will  be  launched  into  eternity,  being 
now  a  prisoner,  with  fifty  others,  aboard  of  this  ship,  and  under  sen- 


Appendix  133 

tence  of  death.     All  to  be  shot !     This  is  a  hard  fate,  but  I  trust  in  the 
mercy  of  God  and  will  meet  my  fate  manfully. 

Think  of  me  hereafter,  not  with  regret,  but  as  one  whom  you 
loved  in  life,  and  who  loved  you.  Adieu  forever,  my  brothers  and 
sisters  and  friends.  Thomas  C.  James. 

Robert,  our  poor  friends,  G.  A.  Cook  and  John  O.  Bryce,  are  with 
me,  and  send  their  last  regards  to  you;  also  Clement  Stanford,  for- 
merly of  Natchez. 

[From  Lieutenant  James  Brandt.] 

Havana,  August  i6,  1851. 
My  dear  Mother: 

I  have  but  a  few  moments  to  live.  Fifty  of  us  are  condemned 
to  be  shot  within  a  half  hour.  I  do  not  value  life,  but  deeply  regret 
the  grief  it  will  cause  you  to  hear  of  my  death.  Farewell,  then,  my 
dear  mother,  sisters,  and  all;  we  may  meet  again  in  another  world. 
Think  of  me  often ;  forget  the  causes  I  have  given  you  for  grief ;  remem- 
ber only  my  virtues.  Farewell,  again,  dearest  mother,  and  believe 
me  to  be  Your  affectionate  son, 

J.  Brandt. 

[From  Adjutant  R.  C.  Stanford.] 

Havana,  August  16,  1851. 
My  dear  Huling: 

We  arrived  on  the  island  of  Cuba  after  the  most  horrible  passage 
you  can  conceive  of,  cooped  on  board  with  four  hundred  or  five  hun- 
dred men. 

We  arrived  on  Sunday  last,  I  believe — dates  I  have  almost  for- 
gotten. The  next  morning  Lopez,  with  General  Pragay  and  all  the 
commanding  officers,  left  us  (I  mean  Crittenden  and  his  battalion). 
We  heard  nothing  more  of  him  for  two  days,  when  Crittenden 
despatched  a  note.  He  then  requested  we  should  join  him  at  a  little 
town  some  six  or  eight  miles  off,  leaving  us  in  the  meantime  to  take 
care  of  all  the  baggage,  &c. 

We  started  for  him  on  Wednesday  morning  at  2  o'clock,  and  had 
proceeded  only  three  miles  when  we  were  attacked  by  five  hundred 
Spanish  soldiers.  In  the  first  charge  I  received  a  very  severe  wound 
in    the    knee.     We    repulsed    them,    however.     They    made    another 


134  Appendix 

charge  and  completely  routed  us.  We  spent  two  days  and  nights, 
the  most  miserable  you  can  imagine,  in  the  chapparal,  without  any- 
thing to  eat  or  drink. 

We  made  the  best  of  our  way  to  the  seashore  and  found  some 
boats,  with  which  we  put  to  sea.  Spent  a  night  upon  the  ocean,  and 
next  day  about  12  o'clock  were  taken  prisoners  by  the  Habanero, 
were  brought  to  Havana  last  night,  and  condemned  to  die  this  morn- 
ing.    We  shall  be  shot  in  an  hour. 

Good-bye,  and  God  bless  you !     I  send  the  Masonic  medal  enclosed 

in  this,  belonging  to  my  father.     Convey  it  to  my  sister,  Mrs.  P n, 

and  tell  her  of  my  fate.     Once  more,  God  bless  you! 

Stanford. 

[From  Private  Honore  Tacite  Vienne.] 

On  Board  the  Man-of-War  Esperanza, 
August  16,  1 85 1. 
My  dear  afjectionate  Sisters  and  Brothers: 

Before  I  die  I  am  permitted  to  address  m}'  last  words  in  this  world. 

Deceived  by  false  visions,  I  embarked  in  the  expedition  to  Cuba. 
We  arrived,  about  four  hundred  in  number,  last  week,  and  in  about 
an  hour  from  now  we — I  mean  fifty-one  of  us — will  be  lost.  I  was 
taken  prisoner  after  an  engagement,  and,  with  others,  am  to  be  shot 
in  an  hour. 

I  die,  my  dear  brothers  and  sisters,  a  repentant  sinner,  having 
been  blessed  with  the  last  rites  of  our  holy  religion.  Forgive  me  of 
all  my  follies  of  my  past  life;  and  you,  my  dear  affectionate  sisters, 
pray  for  my  poor  soul. 

A ,   go  to  my  dear  mother  and  console  her.     Oh,   my  dear 

child,  kiss  her  a  thousand  times  for  me.  Love  her  for  my  sake.  Kiss 
my  brothers  and  all  my  dear  children.  To  Father  Blackney  my  last 
profound  respect;  to  Father  Lacroix  and  Father  D'Hau,  a  mass  for 
my  soul. 

My  dear  mother-in-law,  farewell!  Poor  Tacite  is  shot  and  dead 
by  this  time.     I  give  and  bequeath  my  dear  child  to  you,  and  you 

alone.     Good-bye,    H— ^;  good-bye   G and   T .     I    did    my 

duty.     Good-bye  all.  Your  dear  son  and  brother, 

Honore  Tacite  Vienne. 

Mr.  Antonio  Costa  has  promised  to  do  all  he  can  to  obtain  my 
body.     If  so,  please  have  me  buried  with  my  wife. 


Appendix  135 

[From  Private  Oilman  A.  Cook.] 

Havana,  on  board  of  Man-of-War, 
8  o'clock  a.m.,  August   i6,  1851. 
My  dear  friends: 

About  fifty  of  us.  Colonel  Crittenden's  command,  were  taken 
prisoners  yesterday;  have  not  received  our  sentence  yet,  but  no  doubt 
we  will  be  shot  before  sunset.  Lopez,  the  scoundrel,  has  deceived 
us;  there  is  no  doubt  but  all  those  reports  about  Cubans  rising  were 
all  trumped  up  in  New  Orleans.  Lopez  took  nearly  all  of  his  com- 
mand and  deserted  us.  We  were  attacked  by  some  five  hundred 
or  seven  hundred  of  the  Queen's  troops  on  the  second  day  after  we 
landed.  Our  own  gallant  Colonel  Crittenden  did  all  that  any  man 
could  do,  but  we  saw  wc  had  been  deceived,  and  retreated  to  the  sea- 
shore with  the  intention  of  getting  off  to  our  country,  if  possible. 
Got  three  boats,  and  got  off  with  the  intention  of  coasting  until  we 
fell  in  with  an  American  vessel,  and  were  taken  prisoners  by  the  steam- 
boat Habanero. 

Explain  to  my  family  that  I  have  done  nothing  but  what  was 
instigated  by  the  highest  motives;  that  I  die  with  a  clean  conscience, 
and  like  a  man,  with  a  stout  heart.  I  send  my  watch  to  you;  it  is 
for  little  Benny,  my  nephew.     Good-bye;  God  bless  you  all. 

Truly  yours.  Oilman  A.  Cook. 

ROUSSEAU'S  SERIO-COMIC  LETTER. 

Even  the  grimmest  tragedy  may  be  accompanied  sometimes  by 
a  fighter  side-play.  It  has  long  been  supposed  that  every  one  of 
the  men  taken  with  Colonel  Crittenden  was  executed.  But  James 
Jeffrey  Roche,  in  his  interesting  book.  The  By-Ways  of  War,  states 
on  the  authority  of  Lawrence  Oliphant  that  one  escaped.  The  name 
of  this  fortunate  one  is  not  printed  in  the  book,  but  in  the  copy  in  the 
War  Department  library,  in  Washington,  some  one  has  indicated 
in  a  penciled  marginal  note  that  he  was  "David  Q.  Rousseau,  of  Ken- 
tucky, later  an  officer  of  the  Fifth  United  States  Infanti-y." 

Oliphant  joined  an  expedition  which  set  out  from  New  Orleans 
in  December,  1856,  to  join  Walker  in  Nicaragua,  but  did  not  get  there 
until  Walker  had  surrendered.     He  states  that  among  his  comrades 


136  Appendix 

in  that  expedition  was  an  adventurous  hero  who  had  taken  part  in 
the  last  expedition  of  Lopez  to  Cuba  (185 1),  and  had  spent  eighteen 
months  in  a  Spanish  dungeon  in  consequence.  When  captured  and 
taken  to  Havana,  along  with  Colonel  Crittenden,  the  prisoners  were 
informed  that  they  were  to  be  shot,  but  they  were  permitted  to  write 
farewell  letters  to  their  friends.  All  of  them  began  to  write  their 
letters  except  this  particular  one.  It  is  stated  that  he  "racked  in 
vain  the  chambers  of  his  memory  for  a  solitan,-  individual  to  whom 
he  could  impart  the  melancholy  tidings  of  his  execution  without  feel- 
ing that  his  communication  would  be  what  in  polite  society  would 
be  called  an  unwarrantable  intrusion  of  his  personal  affairs  upon  a 
comparative  stranger."  But,  ashamed  to  be  the  only  one  idle  when 
fifty  men  were  scribbling  all  around  him,  he  determined  to  choose  a 
friend  to  write  to;  and  then  it  flashed  upon  him  that  as  all  the  letters 
would  be  read  by  the  Spaniards,  he  had  better  choose  a  good  friend 
while  he  was  choosing.  He  concluded  that,  in  his  present  circum- 
stances, none  could  be  more  appropriate  than  Daniel  Webster,  then 
Secretary  of  State  at  Washington.  Not  only  should  he  make  a  friend 
of  Mr.  Webster,  but  an  intimate  friend,  and  then  the  Captain-General 
of  Cuba  might  shoot  him  if  he  chose,  and  take  the  risks.  So  he  wrote 
about  as  follows: 

"Dan,  my  dear  old  bo}-,  little  did  you  think  when  we  parted 
at  the  close  of  that  last  agreeable  visit  of  a  week  which  I  lately  paid 
you,  that  within  a  month  I  would  be  'cabined,  cribbed,  and  con- 
fined' in  the  durance  vile  from  which  I  write  this.  I  wish  vou  would 
send  the  Spanish  Minister  a  case  of  that  very  old  Madeira  of  yours, 
which  he  professes  to  prefer  to  the  wines  of  his  own  country,  and 
tell  him  of  the  silly  scrape  I  have  got  myself  into;  if,  indeed,  it  be 
not  too  late,  for  they  talk  of  sending  me  to  'the  bourne'  shortly.  How- 
ever, one  can  never  believe  a  word  these  Spanish  rascals  say,  and 
so  I  write  this  in  the  hope  that  they  are  lying,  as  usual — and  I  am, 
my  dear  old  schoolmate,  your  affectionate  friend,  etc." 

It  is  stated  that  as  the  result  of  this  letter  its  writer  was  spared 
when  the  others  were  shot ;  and  when  at  last  the  hoax  was  discovered 
the  crisis  in  Cuba  was  past;  so  he  was  condemned  to  two  years  in 
chains  in  the  quicksilver  mines  in  Ceuta,  which  was  afterward  com- 
muted to  eighteen  months.     The  story  may  be  true,  but  the  news- 


Appendix 


137 


paper  and  all  the  other  contemporary  accounts  say  that  the  entire 
party  were  executed — there  is  no  mention  anywhere  of  one  being 
spared.  It  is  a  fact,  however,  that  David  O.  Rousseau,  of  Kentucky, 
was  with  the  expedition  of  1851,  and  that  he  was  sentenced  to  the 
mines.  He  served  through  the  Civil  War  as  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Fifth 
Kentucky  Infantry'  (Union),  and  afterward  in  the  Fifth  Infantry, 
United  States  Army. 


138  Appendix 


"A  KENTUCKIAN  KNEELS  TO  NONE  BUT  GOD."i 

Ah!  tyrant,  forge  thy  chains  at  will — 

Nay!  gall  this  flesh  of  mine; 
My  thought  is  free,  unfetter'd  still, 

And  will  not  \-ield  to  thine. 
Take,  take  the  life  that  heaven  gave. 

And  let  my  heart's  blood  stain  thy  sod; 
But  know  ye  not  Kentucky's  brave 

Will  kneel  to  none  but  God? 

You've  quenched  fair  Freedom's  sunny  light. 

Her  music  tones  have  stilled; 
And  \\^th  a  dark  and  withering  bhght 

The  trusting  heart  have  filled! 
Then  do  you  think  that  I  vnW  kneel 

Where  such  as  ye  have  trod? 
Nay!  point  your  cold  and  threat'ning  steel, — 

I'll  kneel  to  none  but  God! 

As  summer  breezes  lightly  rest 

Upon  a  quiet  river, 
And  gently  on  its  sleeping  breast 

The  moonbeams  softly  quiver — 
Sweet  thoughts  of  home  lit  up  my  brow 

When  goaded  with  the  rod; 
Yet,  these  can  not  unman  me  now — 

I'll  kneel  to  none  but  God! 

Unpitying  hearts,  as  hard  as  stone, 

Are  coldly  standing  by; 
And  dreams  of  bliss  forever  flown 

Have  dimm'd  ^\•ith  tears  mine  eye — 
Yet  mine's  a  heart  un>delding  still — 

Heap  on  my  breast  the  clod; 
My  soaring  spirit  scorns  thy  will — 

I'll  kneel  to  none  but  God! 

'Written  in  1851  by  Mrs  Mary  E.  Wilson,  of  Maysville,  Kentucky,  and  dedicated  to 
Colonel  William  L.  Crittenden. 


Appendix  139 


THE  DEATH  OF  CRITTENDEN.' 

BY   LAURA   LORIMER. 

The  flush  of  a  tropical  mom 

Still  lingered  on  Cuba's  fair  sky, 
When  a  band  for  chivalry  bom 

Were  led  forth  like  caitiffs  to  die. 
No  quiver  on  hps  that  had  learned 

To  press  back  each  feeUng  that  rose, 
Told  of  thoughts  in  their  bosoms  inumed 

As  their  young  lives  drew  near  their  sad  close. 

They  bade  the  proud  chief  of  that  band 

Kneel  low  when  the  death  volley  came. 
And,  bowed  on  that  sun-guarded  strand, 

Pour  forth  his  high  spirit  of  flame; 
Deep  and  haughty  arose  his  firm  tone, 

Unchecked  by  surroundings  of  woe, 
"I  kneel  to  high  heaven  alone. 

And  ne'er  turn  my  back  on  the  foe!" 

Brave  chief,  though  with  shadowy  fold 

The  death  mist  hath  veiled  thy  proud  eye. 
And  that  spirit,  so  daring  of  old. 

Hath  flown  to  the  star-jeweled  sky. 
Still  in  memory's  vaults  dwell  thy  tone. 

Ere  the  fountain  is  checked  in  its  flow, 
"I  kneel  to  high  heaven  alone. 

And  ne'er  turn  my  back  on  the  foe!" 


'This  song  was  set  to  music,  and  for  some  time  after  Colonel  Crittenden's 
death  was  very  popular. 


140  Appendix 

FIFTY  CAYERON.' 

Ten  o'clock  in  the  morning 
It  was — oh!  unequaled  joy — 
When  the  brave  General 
Of  Marine  anchored  in  Havana; 

The  news  spread, 
And  the  people  in  mass  hastened, 
Inundated  with  pleasure. 
To  the  mole  to  see 
The  fifty  who  were  captured, 

By  him! 

All  the  people  witnessed 
The  fate  of  the  pirates. 
And  in  seeing  them  killed 
Exclaimed  "viva  Isabel!" 

Enthusiasm  reigned, 
"Death  to  the  pirates!"  was  shouted. 
On  seeing  them  shot 
The  ardor  increased, 
And  on  ever)'  forehead  contentment 

Shone  like  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

Now  there  can  be  no  pity  or  quarter 
For  this  barbarous  people 
Who  humble  themselves 
Before  our  Queen  Isabel. 

Never  the  regal  canopy 
Can  the  scoundrels  desecrate, 
And  if  they  wish  to  tread 
A  third  time  on  our  Antilla 
There  are  soldiers  of  Castile 

Who  know  how  to  defeat  them! 

'"Fifty  Fell."  This  is  a  literal  translation  of  three  stanzas  of  a  "poem" 
that  was  printed  on  broadsides  and  hawked  about  the  streets  of  Havana  on  the 
day  that  Colonel  Crittenden  and  his  comrades  were  slain.  The  alleged  poem  con- 
tained fifteen  stanzas. 


INDEX 


Adams,  John, 

Mentioned,  1 1 . 
Agnero,  Don  Joaquin  de, 

President  of  Cuba,  67. 
"  A  Kentuckian  Kneels  to  None  but 
God," 

Poem,  by  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Wilson,  13S. 
Albany,  The, 

Mentioned,  91,  92,  114. 
Albino,  James, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Alkonso,  Antonio, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 2S. 
Allen,  Bernard, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  129. 
Allen,  James  Lane, 

Mentioned,  5. 
Allen,  Colonel  John, 

Mentioned,  73. 
Allen,  Captain  John 

Mentioned,  121. 
Almendares,  The, 

Mentioned,  80,  98,  105,  107. 
Arago,  M. 

Mentioned,  131. 
Arman,  Raymond, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Arnold,  J.  W., 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Badneih,  Emerich, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  129. 
Bahia  Honda  Expedition, 

Preparations  for,  66. 

Alleged  revolt  in  Cuba,  67. 

Organizing  the  expedition,  68. 

The  Kentucky  Regiment,  69. 

The  expeditionary  force,  71 

Colonel  W.  L.  Crittenden,  73. 

The  embarkation,  74. 


Bahia  Honda  Expedition — 
Continued: 
A  Council  of  War,  75. 
Lopez  deceived,  76,  118,  119. 
Nearing  Cuba,  77. 
Welcomed  with  bloody  hands,  78. 
The  disembarkation,  79. 
Lopez  marches  into  the  interior,  80. 
The  fight  at  San  Miguel,  81-83. 
Fate  of  Crittenden  and  his  men,  84. 
The  "  Strong  in  Heart,"  87. 
List  of  those  shot  in  Havana,  87-88. 
Colonel  Crittenden's  last  letters,  8g,  90. 
The  massacre,  91. 
Sickening  brutality,  94. 
Indignation  in  the  United  States,  95. 
"  The  common  bone-heap,"  95. 
Lopez's  campaign,  97. 
The  battle  of  Las  Pozas,  98. 
The  battle  of  Frias,  99. 
Arms  and  ammunition  ruined,  loi. 
The  first  defeat,  102. 
Disruption  of  the  force,  104. 
Lopez  taken,  106. 
Execution  of  Lopez,  107. 
Attitude  of  the  Creoles,  109. 
Result  of  the  expedition,  no. 
Adventures  of  Breckenridge  and  Beach, 

III. 
The  fate  of  the  prisoners,  116. 
"  It  might  have  been,"  117. 
Cuba  Libre,  119. 

List  of  prisoners  sent  to  Spain,  126. 
List  of  prisoners  pardoned,  130. 
Last  letters  of  Crittenden's  men,  132, 

135- 
Rousseau's  serio-comic  letter,  135. 

Ball,  M.  H., 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 


142 


Ind 


ex 


Ballar,  James  D., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  126. 
Barrourk  (or  Baronk),  p.. 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Barton,  W.  H., 

Mentioned,  122. 
Battles  of — 

Cardenas,  55. 

Frias,  99. 

Las  Pozas,  98. 

San  Miguel,  80,  81. 
Bawder,  Louis, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  129. 
Beach,  Ransom. 

Adventures  of,  1 1 1 . 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 1 5,  1 28. 
Bell,  Colonel, 

Mentioned,  loi. 
Bell,  Ed  O., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Berg,  Mich.\el, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
"  Bivou.\c  OF  THE  Dead," 

Full  text  of  this  poem,  123. 
Black  Eagle  Conspiracy, 

Mentioned,  27. 
Bl.^ckney,  Father, 

Mentioned,  134. 
Blumenth.\l,  Colonel, 

Mentioned,  72,  76. 
Bolivar,  Simon, 

Mentioned,  28,  43. 

BOXDS,  CUBAX, 

Mentioned,  32,  33. 
BoNTiLA,  George, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
BoswELL,  John, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
BovD,  Fr.\nklin, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Br.\dv,  James, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Brandt,  Lieutenant  James, 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 

Last  letter,  133. 


Braum,  J.  B., 

Mentioned,  131. 
Breckenridge,  Robert  H., 

Adventures  of,  1 1 1 . 

Pardoned,  115,  130. 

Mentioned,  5,  16. 
Breckinridge,  John  C, 

Mentioned,  34,  36,  38,  41,  45. 
Brigham,  Captain, 

Mortally  wounded,  98. 

Mentioned,  72. 
Brown,  Thom.\s  D.. 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Bryce,  Lieutenant  John  O., 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 

Mentioned,  133. 
Buccaneer, 

Origin  of  the  word,  1 2. 
Bunch,  Colonel  W.  T., 

Mentioned,  48. 
Burr,  Aaron, 

Mentioned,  10,  11. 
Bush,  John  G.. 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
BusTiLLO,  General, 

Mentioned,  85,  86. 
Bylet,  James, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
C.\jerman,  J.\mes, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
C.'U.DWELL,  Robert, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
C.-vMERON,  William, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  128. 
C.\NTLEY  (or  Cundley),  Robert, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Carden.\s, 

Description  of  the  town,  53. 

Battle  of,  55. 
Cardenas  Expedition, 

Preparation  for,  32,  ^t,. 

The  Kentucky  Regiment,  34,  121. 

Colonel  Theodore  O'Hara,  34-36. 

Lieut. -Col.  John  T.  Pickett,  37-44. 

Major  Thomas  T.  Hawkins,  44-45. 


Ind 


ex 


'43 


Cardenas  Expedition— Continued: 

The  start  of  the  Kentucky  Regiment, 46 

The  embarkation,  47. 

First  raising  of  the  Cuban  flag,  47. 

Origin  of  the  Cuban  flag,  47. 

The  union  of  the  forces,  48. 

The  plan  of  campaign,  51. 

Description  of  Cardenas,  53. 

The  disembarkation,  54. 

Kentuckians  land  first,  54. 

The  battle  of  Cardenas,  55. 

Colonel  O'Hara  wounded,  55. 

Treachery  of  Ceruti,  56. 

The  victory,  56. 

The  retreat,  57. 

The  stem  chase,  61. 

Major  Hawkins  wounded,  62. 

The  escape,  64. 
Carter,  John, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Cassanova,  J. 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  128. 
Cecilia,  The, 

Mentioned,  77. 
Ceruti,  Senor, 

Treachery  at  Cardenas,  56. 

Mentioned,  56,  59. 
Chapman,  Lieutenant  James, 

Pardoned,  130. 
Chassana,  Juuo, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Chilling,  William, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Christides  (or  Cristides),  John, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
CicERi,  Joseph, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Cichler,  Conrad, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Clure,  John, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Coleman,  Patrick, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Collins,  E.  T.  (or  E.  J.), 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 


Collins  (or  Colling),  Napoleon, 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 
Columbus,  Christopher, 

Mentioned,  23. 
Concha,  Jose  de  la, 

Mentioned,  77,  85. 

CONSTANTINE,   W.  S., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  129 
Cook,  Cornelius, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Cook,  Oilman  A., 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 

His  last  letter,  135. 

Mentioned,  72,  133, 
Cooper,  John, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Cortez,  Fernando, 

Mentioned,  8,  10. 
Costa  (or  Da  Costa),  Antonio. 

Mentioned,  88,  134. 
Cotchett  (or  Crockett),  A.  M., 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 
CoussiNs,  William, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  129. 
Craft,  William  H., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Creoles, 

Their  attitude  toward  the  Liberators, 
109. 
Creole,  The 

Mentioned,  47,  48,  49,  50,  51,  53,  57, 
58,  60,  61,  62,  63,  64. 
Cressy,  Edg.^r, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Crigler,  Lieutenant  R.  M., 

Mentioned,  131. 
Crittenden,  George  Bibb, 

His  noble  act,  17,  18. 
Crittenden,  John, 

Mentioned,  73. 
Crittenden,  John  J., 

Colonel  Crittenden's  last  letter  to,  90. 

Mentioned,  73. 
Crittenden,  Governor  Thomas  T., 

Mentioned,  3. 


144 


Index 


Crittenden,  Colonel  William  Logan, 
Sketch  of,  73,  74. 
Battle  of  San  Miguel,  81,  82. 
Capture  of,  85. 

Letter  to  Dr.  Liicicn  Hensley,  89,  90. 
Letter  to  J.  J.  Crittenden,  90, 
"  A  Kentuckian  Kneels  to  None  but 

God,"  93,  137. 
Shot  in  Havana,  87,  138. 
His  remain  in  the  common  bone-heap, 

95- 

Mentioned,  3,  5,  16,  17,  70,  72,  74,  80, 
81,  97.  99.  no,  118,  132,  133,  135, 
136,  137- 
Crockett,  A.  M., 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 
Cruse,  Henry, 

Killed  at  Cardenas,  122. 
Cuba, 

Brief  sketch  of,  23-31. 

Sowing  the  wind,  23. 

Reaping  the  whirlwind,  25. 

A  despotic  government,  26. 

Symptoms  of  revolution,  27. 

Black  Eagle  conspiracy,  27. 

The  sers'ile  plot  of  1844,  27. 

Narciso  Lopez,  28. 

Revolutionary'  movement  of  184S,  28. 

The  Round  Island  expedition,  30. 

The  Cardenas  expedition,  32. 

The  Bahia  Honda  Expedition,  66. 

Cuban  bonds,  32,  33. 

Origin  of  the  Cuban  flag,  47. 

Cuban  flag  first  raised,  47. 
Cully,  Supe  L., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
D.\ILEY,  Thom.-vs, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Davis,  Jefferson, 

Declines  command  of  expedition,  71. 
Dear,  Lieutenant, 

Mentioned,  122. 
De  Bournazal,  p.  C, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  129. 
D'Hau,  Father, 

Mentioned,  134. 


De  Lago,  Colo.vel. 

Mentioned,  1 10. 
Desha,  Gener.\l  Joseph, 

Mentioned,  38. 
De  Tapia,  Diego, 

Mentioned,  106. 
Devew,  James  J., 

Mentioned,  131. 
De  Wolf,  Daniel  E., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Denton,  Joh.n, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Denton,  Thomas, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Diaz,  M.\nuel, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Dillo.n,  Patrick, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Don  Carlos, 

Mentioned,  29. 
DouGL.^s,  Stephen  A., 

Mentioned,  45. 
Dovre.n,  Jose, 

Mentioned,  131. 
Downer,  Charles  H., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
DowNMAN,  Colonel  Robert  L., 

Death  of,  98. 

Mentioned,  72,  So. 
Duffy,  Cornelius, 

Sent  to  SjJain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
DUMOIRIEZ,  Ch.  Fr., 

Mentioned,  g. 
Dupar,  Victor, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  12S. 
Durrett,  Colonel  Reuben  T., 

Introduction  by,  7-18. 
Edgerton,  George, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Ellis,  Captain, 

Mentioned,  72. 
Ellis,  James, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 

Mentioned,  5,  76. 
Ellis,  Robert, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  128. 


I  ndex 


145 


Enna,  General, 

Death  of,  99. 

Mentioned,  81,  82,  83,  98. 
EsPERANZA,  The, 

Mentioned,  86,  8g,  91. 
EsTEs,  Preston, 

Mentioned,  131. 
Essex,  Preston, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Fagan,  Benjamin, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Falcon,  The, 

Mentioned,  96,  97. 
Fanborne,  Isaac, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Fanny,  The, 

Mentioned,  30. 
Favsoux,  Private, 

Brave  act  of,  53. 
FiDDEs,  James, 

Mentioned,  131. 
"  Fifty  Cayeron," 

Spanish  poem,  140. 
Filibusters  and  Filibustering, 

Brief  account  of,  7-12. 
Fillmore,  Millard, 

Intercedes  for  the   prisoners,  116. 
Fisher,  John, 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 
Fisher,  N.  H., 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Fisher  Expedition  to  Mexico, 

Mentioned,  17. 
FlEuri,  Manuel, 

Sent  prisoner  to  Spain,  128. 
Foster,  George, 

Mentioned,  131. 
Foster,  George  W., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 27. 
Fourniquet,  Dr., 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 

Mentioned,  72. 
Foutz,  Jacob, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  129, 


Fox,  John,  Jr., 

Mentioned,  5. 
Frias,  Battle  of. 

Account  of,  99. 
Gano,  Daniel, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 

Mentioned,  85. 
Garcia,  Francisco  Cubia  v. 

Mentioned,  131. 
Garcia,  Senor, 

Anecdote  concerning,  109. 
Garnett,  Lieutenant  J.  J., 

Killed  at  Cardenas,  122. 

Mentioned,  121. 
Gath,  Patrick  Abac, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Geblin,  Charles, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Georgiana,  The, 

Mentioned,  47,  48,  49,  50,  51. 
GiLMORE,  Benjamin, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Gonzales,  Andres, 

Mentioned,  131. 
Gonzales,  A.  J., 

Wounded,  56. 

Mentioned,  51. 
Gouti  (or  Gotay),  Captain, 

Mortally  wounded,  98. 

Mentioned,  72,  78. 
Graham,  John,  of  Claverhouse, 

Mentioned,  41. 
Green,  G.  M., 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 
Green,  Thomas  M., 

Mentioned,  44. 
Greenlee,  Lieutenant, 

Mentioned,  122. 
Grider,  Robert  H., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Guerro,  Miguel, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  128. 
Gunst,  Joseph  B., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 


14 


Index 


Habaxero,  The, 

Mentioned,  41,  80,  85,  86,  95,  98,  135. 
Hacan,  Louis, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Hand,  Bexj.^jiin, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Hax.va,  Benjamin, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  126. 
Hardy,  Lieutenant  Richardson, 

Mentioned,  46,  121. 
Hardy,  Major  William, 

Mentioned,  121. 

H.WtXLEY,   LlEUTEXAXT, 

Wounded  at  Cardenas,  122. 
Harrisox,  Charles, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  128. 
Hart,  Hexry  B., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  126. 
Hartn'Ett  (or  Harnett),  Thomas, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Hawkixs,  Augustus, 

Mentioned,  45. 
Hawkins,  Benjamin, 

Mentioned,  44. 
Hawkins,  John, 

Mentioned,  44. 
Hawkins,  Joseph, 

Mentioned,  45. 
Hawkins,  Major  Thomas  T., 

Sketch  of,  44,  45. 

Wounded,  62,  122. 

Mentioned,  5,  16,  34,  55,  58,  69,  100, 
121. 
Hawkixs,  William, 

Mentioned,  44. 
Ha\-es,  Rutherford  B., 

Mentioned,  41. 
Haynes,  Colonel  W.  S., 

Pardoned,  130. 

Mentioned,  72. 
Hearsey,  J,  H., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  128. 
Hearsey,  Thomas, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 


Hefrow,  M.  L., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Hexxingsex,  Gex.  C.  F., 

His  epitaph,  39. 
Hexry,  Timothy  K., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Hexsley,  Dr.  Lucien, 

Crittenden's  letter  to,  89. 
Herb,  William, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Hernantjez,  Axselmo  Torres, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Herx.vndez,  Antonio, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  128. 
Hero,  Willi.am, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Hessex,  W.  L., 

Mentioned,  131. 
HEw^TT,  Abram  S., 

Mentioned,  41. 
Hilton,  Thomas, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  128. 
HoG.\^■,  William, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
HoLDSHip,  George, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Holmes,  Francis  B., 

Mentioned,  131. 
Holmes,  William  H., 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 

HoRTOX,   LlEUTEXAXT, 

Mentioned,  122. 

HORWELL,  Ch.\RLES, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Hough,  Fenton  D., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  126. 
Houston,  General  Felix, 

Mentioned,  74,  89,  96. 
Houstox,  Gexeral  S.^vm, 

Mentioned,  10. 
Hoy,  Thomas  P., 

Mentioned,  21. 
Hudnall,  Thomas, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  128. 


Index 


M7 


Hughes,  J.  D., 

Mentioned,  131. 
Icarus,  The, 

Mentioned,  16. 
iGLEsiAS,  Francisco, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Illustrations, 

List  of,  21. 
Insurrection  of  1844, 

Mentioned,  27. 
Introduction, 

By  Colonel  R.  T.  Durrett,  7-18. 
Isabella,  Queen  of  Spain, 

Mentioned,  29,  116,  140. 
IwEN,  James  G., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Jackson,  Captain, 

Mentioned,  72. 
James,  Robert, 

Mentioned,  133. 
James,  Lieutenant  Thos.  C, 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 

Last  letter,  132. 
Johnson,  Captain, 

Mentioned,  72. 
Johnson,  Lieutenant  Albert  W., 

Mentioned,  121. 
Johnson,  John, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Johnston,  Albert  Sidney, 

Mentioned,  36. 
Johnston,  Judge  George  W., 

Mentioned,  13,  14. 
Johnston,  Lieutenant  John  Carl, 

His  service  with  Lopez,  13-15,  121. 
Jones,  Commodore  Catesbv, 

Mentioned,  44. 
Jones,  S.  C,  (or  S.  S.), 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Kelly,  Capt.  J.  A., 

Pardoned,  130. 

Mentioned,  72,  83,  97. 
Kenton,  Simon, 

Mentioned,  37. 


Kentucky  Regiment, 

Field  Officers,  34,  70,  71. 
First  to  land  in  Cuba,  54. 
Partial  roster  of,  121. 
Losses  at  Cardenas,  122, 
Composition  of,  70. 
Behavior  of  at  New  Orleans, 

71- 
Ker,  Felicia, 

Mentioned,  132. 
Ker,  Robert, 

Mentioned,  132. 
Ker,  Captain  Victor, 

Last  letters  of,  132. 

Shot  in  Havana,  87,  94. 

Mentioned,  70,  72,  76,  90. 
Kerekes,  Bela, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Keyworth,  Mary, 

Mentioned,  38. 
Keyworth,  Major  Robert, 

Mentioned,  39. 
Kline,  John, 

Mentioned,  131. 
Knight,  Captain, 

Mentioned,  121. 
Knott,  Lieutenant, 

Mentioned,  122. 
Knowll,  C, 

Mentioned,  131. 
Kossuth,  Louis, 

Mentioned,  75,  76. 
Labizan,  Lieutenant, 

Death  of,  98. 
Lacoste,  Peter, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Lacroix,  Father, 

Mentioned,  134. 
LainE,  Fr.  a.. 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  128. 
Laningham,  Lieutenant, 

Mentioned,  78. 
Las  Pozas,  Battle  at, 

Account  of,  98. 


148 


Index 


Lee,  Robert  E., 

Declines  command  of  expedition,  71. 

Mentioned,  42. 
Lee,  Thomas  H., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  126. 
Letters,  Last,  of, 

Colonel  William  L.  Crittenden,  89,  go. 

Captain  Victor  Ker,  132. 

Lieutenant  Thomas  C.  James,  132. 

Lieutenant  James  Brandt,  133. 

Adjutant  R.  C.  Stanford,  133. 

Honore  Tacite  Vienne,  134. 

Gilman  A.  Cook,  135. 
Lewis,  Captain, 

Mentioned,  48,  121. 
Lewohl,  Lieutenant, 

Mentioned,  72. 
Lieger,  M., 

Mentioned,  131. 
Little,  Thomas, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Little,  William  B., 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Logan,  General  Benjamin, 

Mentioned,  73. 
Logan,  Captain  John  A., 

Death  of,  58,  122. 

Mentioned,  5,  16,  121. 
Lopez,  General  Narciso, 

Sketch  of,  28,  30. 

Revolt  of  1848,  28, 

Round  Island  expedition,  30. 

Cuban  bonds,  32,  33. 

Arrest  of,  64,  65. 

Deceived,  76,  118,  119. 

Capture  of,  106. 

Execution  of,  107. 
Lopez,  Pedro  Manuel, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  i  29. 
Lorimer,  Laura, 

Poem,  "  The  Death  of  Crittenden, "139. 
Losner,  William, 

Mentioned,  131. 
LuDwiNG,  Ansell  R., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 


McCann,  Reverend  John  McF., 

Chaplain  of  Kentucky  Regiment,  12 

Mortally  wounded  at  Cardenas,  122. 
McClelland,  Thomas., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
McDerman,  Captain  J., 

Mentioned,  122. 
McDiLLON,  Thomas, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
McDonald,  Edm.  H., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
McDonald,  Sergeant-Major, 

Mentioned,   122. 
McIlcer  (or  McIlser),  Alexander, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
McKensey,  W.  H., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
McKiniop,  John, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
McLeabe,  Bernard, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
McMill,  Thomas  L., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
McMullen,  Peter, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
McMurrav,  C.  a., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Mahan,  F.  C, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Maine,  The, 

Mentioned,  95. 
Manville,  James  L.  (or  James  R.), 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Martha  Washington,  The, 

Mentioned,  46. 
Martinas,  Augustine, 

Mentioned,  58. 
Martinez,  Manuel, 

Sent  prisoner  to  Spain,  i  28. 
Mason,  James  M., 

Mentioned,  41. 
Maximilian,  Emperor, 

Mentioned,  41. 
Malesimo,  Martin, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 


Index 


149 


Metcalfe,  George  E., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Metcalfe,  Henry, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Miller,  Joaquin, 

Mentioned,  40. 
Miller,  William, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Mills,  Samuel, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Miranda,  Francisco, 

Mentioned,  9,  10,  11,  43. 
Monroe,  Thomas  R., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Muellen,  Martin, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Murphy,  John, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Murray,  Mrs., 

Mentioned,  118. 
Nelson,  Richard, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  129 
New  Orleans,  The, 

Mentioned,  30. 
Niceman  (or  Niseman),  William, 

Shot  at  Havana,  88. 
NiSKOS,  Janos, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  129. 
NoLASco,  Pedro, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  128. 
Null,  Charles, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  129. 
Oberto,  Captain, 

Mentioned,  72. 
O'Hara,  Colonel  Theodore, 

Sketch  of,  34-36. 

"  Bivouac  of  the  Dead,"  35,  123. 

Wounded  at  Cardenas,  55,  122. 

Sheds  first  blood  for  Cuba,  55. 

Mentioned,  5,16, 34,46,48,50, 54, 55,118. 
Oliphant,  Laurence, 

Mentioned,  135. 
Otis,  Elijah  J., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 


Owen,  Allen  F., 

Mentioned,  96,  1 14. 
Pampero,  The, 

Mentioned,  74,  75,  77   79. 
Paratolt,  Conrad, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Parker,  Commodore, 

Mentioned,  97,  114,  115. 
Parr,  George, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Pendleton,  Captain, 

Mentioned,  47,  48. 
Peteri,  John, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Petrel,  The, 

Mentioned,  64. 
Phillips,  M., 

Shot  at  Havana,  88. 
Pickett,  James  C, 

Mentioned,  38,  42,  43. 
Pickett,  John, 

Mentioned,  37,  42. 
Pickett,  Lieutenant-Colonel  John  T., 

Sketch  of,  37-44- 

Mentioned,  4,  5,  16,  34,  49,  54.  57,  5^, 

59.  69.  lOO- 
Pickett,  Mary  Keyworth, 

Mentioned,  38. 
Pickett,  Dr.  Thomas  E., 

Mentioned,  4. 
Pickett,  William  S., 

Mentioned,  37. 
Pizarro,  The, 

Mentioned,  51,  59.  60.  61,  62,  63,  64, 
77.  79.  81,  107. 
Platt,  Captain, 

Mentioned,  114,  115. 
Pragay,  Gener.^l  John, 

Mortally  wounded,  98. 

Mentioned,  72,  76,  133. 
Prisoners  sent  to  Spain, 

List  of,  126. 
Prisoners  Pardoned, 

List  of,  1 30. 


li^O 


Index 


Pruitt,  John  L., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
PURNELI-,  S.  H., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
QUISENBERRY,  A.  C, 

Mentioned,  13,  j6,  17. 
Quitman,  General  John  A., 

Mentioned,  119. 
Radnitz,  Captain, 

Mentioned,  72. 
Randolph,  Captain, 

Mentioned,  92. 
Rawlings,  C.  H., 

Mentioned,  122. 
Reading,  Jack, 

Mentioned,  121. 
Redding,  William, 

Mentioned,  122. 
Reed,  Samuel, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Rekendorf,  Lieutenant, 

Mentioned,  72. 
Reeves,  Wilson  L., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Rev,  Lieutenant, 

Conducts  the  massacre  at  Havana,  87. 
Richardson,  George  W., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Richardson,  Honorable  John  T., 

Mentioned,  41. 
Robinson,  Charles  A., 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Robinson,  Capt.  Hen"ry, 

Mentioned,  121. 
Robinson,  C.\ptain  H.  H., 

Mentioned,  121. 
Roche,  James  Jeffrey, 

Mentioned,  136. 
Rogers,  Lieutenant, 

Mentioned,  64. 
Romero,  Antonio, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
Ross  (or  Roys),  A., 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 


Round  Island  Expedition, 

Failure  of,  30. 

Mentioned,  32. 
Rousse.au,  David  Q., 

His  serio-comic  letter,  135. 

Sent  prisoner  to  Spain,  127. 

Mentioned,  136,  137. 
RuLMAN,  Edw.\rd, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Russell,  William  H., 

Mentioned,  39. 
Salmon,  Capt.mn, 

Mentioned,  16. 
Salmon,  J.  M., 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 
Sanchez,  Command.ant, 

Mentioned,  1 10. 
Sanders,  C.apt.vin, 

Mentioned,  72. 

S.ANK.A  (or  SUNKS),  JoHN    G., 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
San  Miguel, 

Battle  of,  80,  81. 
Santa  Anna,  General, 

Mentioned,  17. 
Santa  Rosa,  Dr., 

Mentioned,  117. 
Saranac,  The, 

Mentioned,  97,  114. 
S.^rmerio,  Edu.\rdo, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 28. 
SAWi-ER,  C.\PT.\iN  Fred  S., 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 
Sa\xe,  Henry, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Sa\'re,  Lieutenant, 

Woimded  at  Cardenas,  122. 

Mentioned,  122. 

SCHEIPRT,   Z^TUACK, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 

SCHLESINGER,   M.\JOR    LEWIS, 

Mentioned,  70,  71,  72,  99,  117,  131. 
Schlicht,  Captain, 
Mentioned,  72. 


Index 


151 


SCHLUHT,   HARI.O, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Schmidt,  George, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
Schmidt,  Henry, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
ScHuETs,  Robert, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  129. 
SCHULTE,  R., 

Mentioned,  131. 
Scott,  Malbon  K., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Scott,  Dr.  Samuel, 

Mentioned,  121. 
Sea  GtTLL,  The, 

Mentioned,  30. 
Seay,  Dandridge, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Sebring,  Cornelius, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Senepli,  Ciriaco, 

Mentioned,  131. 
Ships  or  Steamers  Mentioned, 

Albany,  91,  92,  114. 

Almendares,  80,  98,  105,  107. 

Cecilia,  77. 

Creole,  47,  48,  49,  50,  51,  53.  57,  58,  60, 
61,  62,  63. 

Esperanza,  86,  89,  91. 

Falcon,  96,  97 

Fanny,  30. 

Georgiana,  47,  48,  49,  50,  51. 

Habanero,    51,     80,  85,    86,    95,    98, 

135- 
Icarus,  16. 
Maine,  95. 

Martha  Washington,  46. 
New  Orleans,  30. 
Pampero,  74,  75,  77,  79. 
Petrel,  64. 
Pizarro,  51,  59,  60,  61,  62,  63,  77,  79, 

81,  107. 
Saranac,  97,  114. 
Sea  Gull,  30. 


Ships  or  Steamers  Mentioned- 
Continued : 

Susan  Loud,  47,  48,  51. 

Virginius,  117. 
Sigur,  L.  J., 

Active  revolutionist,  66. 

Mentioned,  68,  74. 
Simpson,  J.  P., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Slidell,  John, 

Mentioned,  41. 
Smith,  C.  C.  Wm.  (or  C.  W.), 

Shot  at  Havana,  88. 
Smith,  Henry, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26, 
Smith,  James, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  126. 
Smith,  Joe, 

Mentioned,  121. 
Sowers,  John  A., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  128. 
Spanish  Poem, 

"  Fifty  Cayeron,"  140. 
Stanford,  C.  R., 

His  last  letter,  133. 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 

Mentioned,  5,  90,  133. 
StanmirE,  H., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  126. 
Stanton,  Henry  T., 

Mentioned,  37. 
Stanton,  James, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Stevens,  Joseph, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Stewart,  Captain, 

Mentioned,  72. 
Stubbs,  John, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
SuciT,  J., 

Mentioned,  131. 
SUJILOLET,  L., 

Mentioned,  131. 


152 


Index 


Summers,  H.  G., 

Pardoned,  130. 
Susan  Loud,  The, 

Mentioned,  47,  48,  51. 
Tantum,  James, 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
Taylor,  Conrad, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
"  The  Death  of  Crittenden," 

Poem,  by  Laura  Lorimer,  139. 
Thomasson,  H.  J., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Thr.\sher,  John  S., 

Punished  for  his  humanity,  116. 
Tilden,  Samuel  J., 

Mentioned,  41. 
Titus,  H.  T., 

Mentioned,  121. 
Todd,  John, 

Mentioned,  44. 
Tourniquet  (or  Tourniquet),  Dr.  H., 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 
Uregy  (or  Wregy),  B.  J., 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 

V.\LDES,   GENER.\L, 

Mentioned,  29. 
\"an  Vechten,  Lieutenant  P   S., 

Pardoned,  130. 

Mentioned,  98,  99. 
Vaughan,  William  H., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Vesey,  T.  S.  (or  Veasey,  J.  B.),  Capt., 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 
ViENNE,  Honore  Tacite, 

His  last  letter,  314. 

Shot  in  Havana,  88. 
ViR.\G,  Janos, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 


ViRGiNius,  The, 

Mentioned,  117. 
Walker,  William, 

Mentioned,  15,  16,  36,  40,  135. 
Webster,  Daniel, 

Mentioned,  136. 
Weiss,  Edw.ard, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 29. 
West,  Henry, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Wheat,  Colonel, 

Mentioned,  47,  49,  55,  loi. 
Wheeling,  Robert, 

Wounded  at  Cardenas,  122. 
Wilkinson,  William  L., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Williams,  Harney, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  126. 
Wilson,  Captain  F.  C, 

Mentioned,  121. 
Wilson,  George, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 
Wilson,  J.\mes  M., 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  126 
Wilson,  Mrs.  Mary  E., 

Poem,  "  A  Kentuckian  Kneels  to  None 
but  God." 
Wilson,  William  (Ky.), 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Wilson,  William  (N.  Y.), 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  1 26. 

WiNBURN,    D.WID, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  126. 
Witherens,  J.  a., 

Shot  in  Havana,  87. 
WoER,  Arma.n'd, 

Sent  to  Spain  a  prisoner,  127. 
Work,  Thomas, 

Mentioned,  122. 


LIST   OF   MEMBERS 

Adams,  Gilmer  S Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Anderson,  Colonel  Latham Kuttawa,  Kentucky. 

Anderson,  James  Blythe  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Anderson,  Wilkins  G Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Anderson,  Miss  Annie  S Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Anderson,  Miss  Annie  M Taylorsville,  Kentucky. 

Arrick,  Reverend  A.  Judson Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Atherton,  John  M Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Atherton,  Peter  Lee   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Atkinson,  John  Bond    Earlington,  Kentucky. 

AvERiTT,  Samuel Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Ballard,  Charles  T Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Barker,  Honorable  Henry  S.   ,  .  .  Frankfort,  Kentucky. 

Barker,  Maxwell  S Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Barlow,  Miss  Florence   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Barr,  Honorable  John  W Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Barnett,  Mrs.  Evelyn  S.  S Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Barr,  Garland  H Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Barfield,  Castello Parkland,  Kentucky. 

Barret,  Henry  W Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Barret,  Alexander  G Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Barrett,  Mrs.  Margaret  Brown    Frankfort,  Kentucky. 
Beckner,  Honorable  William  M.  Winchester,  Kentucky. 

Bethel,  Mrs.  Theresa  W Danville,  Kentucky. 

BicKEL,  C.  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 


154  List   of    Members 

Bingham,  Robert  Worth  Louisville,  Kentuckj^. 

Black,  I.  D  Barboursville,  Kentucky. 

Blackburn,  Mrs.  Julia  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Blackburn,  Miss  Jennie  D Bowling  Green,  Kentucky. 

Blain,  Randolph  H Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Blanton,  Reverend  L.  H Danville,  Kentucky. 

Bloom,  Doctor  L  N Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Bockee,  Jacob  S   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

BoHNE,  Ernest  C    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

BoHANNAN,  Thomas Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Booker,  William  F .  .Louisville,  Kentucky. 

BooNE,  Mrs.  Carrie  Morris    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Booth,  Percy  N    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Bourne,  Captain  James  M Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Bourne,  Miss  A.  R Bethany  College,  W.  Va. 

Bowmar,  Daniel  Mayes    Versailles,  Kentucky. 

Bransford,  Clifton  W Owensboro,  Kentucky. 

Brooks,  Miss  Helen  Lee Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Brent,  George  A Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Brodhead,  Lucas    Versailles,  Kentucky. 

Brown,  George  G Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Brown,  Owsley  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Bruce,  Helm Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Bryan,  Miss  Mary  B  Lexington,  Kentucky 

Bullitt,  Major  Thomas  W    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Buckner,  Honorable  Simon  B.  .  .   Rio,  Kentuck3^ 

Bullitt,  Joshua  F    Big  Stone  Gap,  Virginia. 

Bullock,  Cabell  B Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Burnham,  Honorable  Curtis  F  .   Richmond,  Kentucky. 
Burnett,  James  C Shelbyville,  Kentucky. 


List    of    Members  155 

Burnett,  Hon.  Theodore  L Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Burnett,  Henry Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Burton,  George  L   Louisville,  Kentucky, 

Caldwell,  Mrs.  Minnie  N    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Cantrell,  Mrs.  Mary  C    Georgetown,  Kentucky. 

Carroll,  Charles Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Carlisle,  Honorable  John  G.    .  .  .  New  York  City. 
Castleman,  General  John  B    ....  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Castleman,  Breckinridge    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Cawein,  Madison  J Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Chamberlain,  Miss  Catherine  ....  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Cheatham,  Dr.  William    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

CiiENAULT,  Mrs.  Sallie  H Richmond,  Kentucky. 

Clarke,  Peyton  N    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Clay,  Miss  Lucretia  H Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Clay,  Mrs.  Mary  Rogers Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Clay,  James  W    Henderson,  Kentucky. 

Clay,  Honorable  Cassius  M  Paris,  Kentucky. 

Coates,  Mrs.  Ida  Symmes   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Cochran,    John Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Coke,  Doctor  R.  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Coke,  Mrs.  Queenie  Blackburn  .   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Cook,  Charles  Lee    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Coleman,  Reverend  Henry  R    .    .  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Cooper,  Albert  R    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

CoTTELL,  Doctor  Henry  A    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Cowan,  Colonel  Andrew Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Cowan,  Mrs.  Anna  Gilbert Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Crawford,  Rev.  Clarence  K Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Cross,  Professor  William  O Louisville,  Kentucky. 


156  List   of   Members 

Cutler,  Samuel  M Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Dabney,  Doctor  S.  G Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Davis,  Captain  William  W Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Davie,  Preston    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Davis,  Major  William  I Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Deppen,  Very  Reverend  Louis  G.    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Dennis,  Harry  Allen  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Dick,  Mrs.  Belle  Thornton Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Dickey,  Reverend  John  J Simpsonville,  Kentucky. 

Diehl,  C.  Lewjs Louisville,  Kentucky. 

DiLTZ,  Hanson  Penn Hopkinsville,  Kentucky. 

Dixon,  Mrs.  Sue  Bullitt   West  Point,  Kentucky. 

Doherty,  Daniel  E Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Doerhoefer,  Basil Louisville,  Kentucky. 

DoNiGAN,  Mrs.  R.  W Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Dougherty,  William  H .  Owingsville,  Kentucky. 

Douthitt,  Stonewall  J Newcastle,  Kentucky. 

Duke,  General  Basil  W Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Duncan,  Mrs.  Fanny  Casseday  ..  .Louisville,  Kentucky. 

DuNLAP,  Doctor  Fayette Danville,  Kentucky. 

DuRelle,  Honorable  George  ..  .    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

DuRRETT,  Colonel  Reuben  T Louisville,  Kentucky. 

DuRRETT,  Doctor  William  T Louisville,  Kentucky. 

DuRRETT,  Mrs.  Sara  E Louisville,  Kentucky. 

DuRRETT,  Reuben  T.,  Junior Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Eddy,  Joseph  Marvin Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Englehard,  Victor  H Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Evans,  Doctor  Thomas  Crain Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Farnsley,  Burel  H Louisville,  Kentucky'. 

Fairleigh,  David  W Louisville,  Kentucky. 


List   of   Members  157 

Fenley,  Oscar Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Field,  Honorable  Emmet Louisville,  Kentucky. 

FiNCK,  Edward  Bertrand Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Fleming,  Arnold  Harris Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Ford,  Arthur  Y Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Fowler,  Colonel  Charles  W.    ...  Lyndon,  Kentucky. 

Gardner,  Miss  Lizzie Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Gates,  Charles  D Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Gaulbert,  George    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Gaulbert,  J.  William    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Gentry,  Robert  T Sonora,  Kentucky. 

Gibson,  Charles  H Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Gilbert,  Honorable  G.  G Shelbyville,  Kentucky. 

GiFFORD,  Harley  N Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Gilbert,  Doctor  Richard  B Louisville,  Kentucky. 

GoDSHAW,  Doctor  Craine  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 

GooDLOE,  Miss  Abbie  Carter    ....  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Graham,  Samuel  P Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Green,  Pinckney  F Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Green,  Miss  Susie  T Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Green,  Miss  Nanci  Lewis Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Green,  John  E New  York  City. 

Greenley,  Doctor  Thomas  Brady.  .Meadow  Lawn,  Kentucky. 

Griswold,  Howard  M Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Grubbs,  Charles  S Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Gunn,  John  T Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Hagan,  Frank Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Haldeman,  Bruce  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Halsey,  Edward  T   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Harding,  John  Pleasureville,  Kentucky. 


158  List   of   Members 

Harris,  Honorable  Walter  O  .  .    Louisville,  Kentucky. 
Harrison,  Mrs.  Ida  Withers    ....  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Hart,  Mrs.  Rebecca  T Versailles,  Kentucky. 

Hardy,  Mrs.  Sallie  E.  M   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Hays,  Major  Thomas  H Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Hays,  Mrs.  Rosa  Belle  McCullough,  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Hazelrigg,  Judge  James  H Frankfort,  Kentucky. 

Helm,  James  P Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Hemingray,  Miss  Lida  B Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Helm,  John  L Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Hendrick,  Honorable  William  J. .  New  York  City. 

Hermany,  Charles Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Hewitt,  General  Fayette Frankfort,  Kentucky. 

Hill,  Thomas  P   Stanford,  Kentucky. 

Hill,  Reuben  Douglass Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Hines,  Edward  W Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Hite,  William  W    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Hitchcock,  C.J   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Hocker,  Jesse  S Stanford,  Kentucky. 

Hopkins,  Anderson  H Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 

Hopper,  James  W  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Howard,  Honorable  Henry  L.  .  .  .  Harlan,  Kentucky. 

Howe,  Benjamin Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Hughes,  Harry  H    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Humphrey,  Hon.  Alexander  P.    .  .  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Humphrey,  E.  W.  C    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Hume,  William  Garvin Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Humphrey,  Mrs.  Sarah  G    Versailles,  Kentucky. 

Hundley,  John  B Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Huntoon,  Benjamin  B    Louisville,  Kentucky. 


List   of   Members  159 

Hurst,  William  L    Campton,  Kentucky. 

Irwin,  Honorable  Harvey  S Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Jenkins,  Reverend  Burris  A  .  .  .  .  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Johnson,  Charles  F Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Johnson,  E.  Polk    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Johnston,  Colonel  J.  Stoddard  .  .  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Johnston,  Miss  Mary Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Jones,  Judge  L.  H    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Jones,  Thomas  S  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Kaufman,  Henry    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Kearns,  Doctor  Charles Covington,    Kentucky. 

Kelly,  Colonel  Robert Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Kinchloe,  Jesse  B Shelbyville,  Kentucky. 

Kelley,  Doctor  Clinton  W Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Kerrick,  Professor  Felix Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Kinkead,  Robert  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Kinkead,  Cleves  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 

KiRBY,  Honorable  Samuel  B  .    .   Jefferson  County, Kentucky. 
Knott,  Honorable  J.  Proctor  ..    Lebanon,  Kentucky. 

Knott,  Richard  W Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Knott,  Stuart  R    Kansas  City,  Missouri. 

Lafon,  Miss  Mary Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Lancaster,  Mrs.  Catherine Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Lau,  Mrs.  Helen  Adams Brooklyn,  New  York. 

Leak,  John  S Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Leech,  Mrs.  Caroline  A  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Leopold,  Lawrence  S Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Levi,  Miss  Lily  E Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Lewis,  John  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Lewis,  Henry  John Terlingua,  Texas. 


i6o  List   of    Members 

Lewman,  George  W Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Lindsay,  Honorable  William New  York  City. 

Lindsay,  Charles  M Louisville,  Kentucky. 

LiTSEY,  E.  Carl Lebanon,  Kentucky. 

Little,  Honorable  Lucius  P Owensboro,  Kentucky. 

Lytle,  Mrs.  Elizabeth    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Logan,  Emmet  G Glasgow,  Kentucky. 

MacKoy,  Honorable  William  H  .Covington,  Kentucky. 

MacKoy,  Harry  Brent Covington,  Kentucky. 

Mark,  Professor  Edgar Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Mathews,  Mrs.  M.  C.  Duke New  York  City. 

Marcosson,  Isaac  H Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Mercer,  S.  C Hopkinsville,  Kentucky. 

Miller,  Howard Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Miller,  Honorable  Shackelford   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Miller,  Doctor  Joseph  L Ashland,  Kentucky. 

Mooney,  C.  H  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Morgan,  John  Hunt    Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Morris,  George  W  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Morrow,  Honorable  Thomas  Z      Somerset,  Kentucky. 

Morton,  Hon.  J.  R  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Mourning,  G.  H Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Muir,  Honorable  Peter  B Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Mulligan,  Mrs.  Genevieve  Morgan,  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Murray,  Logan  C   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

McBee,  Augustus  E Louisville,  Kentucky. 

McCarthy,  Mrs.  Lily  P    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

McChord,  William  C   Springfield,  Kentucky. 

McBeath,  Honorable  Thomas  R  .Leitchfield,  Kentucky. 
McCloskey,  Rt.  Rev.  Wm.  George  .  Louisville,  Kentucky. 


List   of    Members  i6i 

McCoNATHY,  Major  William  I  .  .  .  .  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

McCoRMicK,  Doctor  J.  M    Bowling  Green,  Kentucky. 

McChesney,  Frank  L    Paris,  Kentucky. 

McCreary,  Honorable  James  B    .Richmond,  Kentucky. 

McCuLLOCH,  Joseph  G    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

McDonald,  Edward  L Louisville,  Kentucky. 

McDowell,  Mrs.  Catherine  G.  W.Louisville,  Kentucky. 

McGoNiGALE,  W.  J Louisville,  Kentucky. 

McKnight,  Stuart    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

McKnight,  William  H    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

McPherson,  Ernest Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Newcomb,  Herman  Danforth  ....  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Newman,  George  A.,  Junior Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Nelson,  Judge  George  B Winchester,  Kentucky. 

Nicholson,  Colonel  George  B.  .  .  .Covington,  Kentucky. 

Norman,  Albert  C Savannah,  Georgia. 

O'Doherty,  Judge  Matthew  O  .  .  .Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Ogden,  Reverend  H.  G Louisville,  Kentucky. 

O'Neal,  Joseph  T Louisville,  Kentucky. 

O'Sullivan,  Daniel  E Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Otter,  Robert  H Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Owens,  Honorable  William  C  .  .  .Louisville,  Kentucky. 
Owsley,  Honorable  William  F  .  .  Burkesville,  Kentucky. 

Parish,  Philemon  P Midway,  Kentucky. 

Patterson,  Professor  James  K  .  .  .  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Parker,  Doctor  John  W.  F Somerset,  Kentucky. 

Parker,  Charles  A Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Parks,  Professor  Robert  M Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Pendleton,  Dwight  L Winchester,  Kentucky. 

Pennebaker,  Elliott  K   Louisville,  Kentucky. 


i62  List   of    Members 

Perkins,  Benjamin  T.,  Junior  .  .  .   Elkton,  Kentucky. 

Peter,  Miss  Johanna Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Peter,  M.  Gary    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Pettet,  Miss  Catherine Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Pettus,  Joseph Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Pickett,  Doctor  Thomas  E  Maysville,  Kentucky. 

Pirtle,  Honorable  James  S Louisville,  Kentuck3^ 

Pirtle,  Captain  Alfred Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Pirtle,  John  Rowan Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Pope,  Mrs.  Sallie  Ewing  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Pottinger,  Samuel  Forest Washington,  D.  C. 

Powell,  Reverend  Edward  L.  .  .  .  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Powers,  Joshua  Dee Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Price,  General  Samuel  W Chattanooga,  Tennessee. 

Price,  Vernon  D Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Priest,  William  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Pryor,  Honorable  William  S.   .  .   Newcastle,  Kentucky. 

Quarrier,  Cushman Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Queen,  Miss  Octavia  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Quisenberry,  John  A Danville,  Kentucky. 

Quisenberry,  a.  C Hyattsville,  Maryland. 

Reeve,  John  J Henderson,  Kentucky. 

Reed,  John  Duff Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Revenaugh,  Aurelius  O Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Reynolds,  Doctor  Dudley  S Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Richards,  Honorable  A.  E Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Richardson,  Orla  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Richardson,  Doctor  John  B Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Riddle,  Honorable  Robert Irvine,  Kentucky. 

Robinson,  C.  Bonnycastle Louisville,  Kentucky. 


List   of   Members  163 

RowELL,  Joseph  Kirk Louisville,  Kentucky. 

RucKER,  Reverend  James  J Georgetown,  Kentucky. 

Russell,  John  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Rutledge,  Arthur  M Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Sackett,  Frederick  M Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Sanders,  Henry  V Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Sanders,  Major  David  W Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Sanders,  Miss  Myra Shepherdsville,  Kentucky. 

ScHROEDER,  Miss  Emma  Sidell.  .  .  .  LouisviUe,  Kentucky. 

Schroeder,  Miss  Marie  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Scott,  John  Matthew Louisville,  Kentucky. 

ScHULTE,  Batts  Overton LouisviUe,  Kentucky. 

Sea,  Mrs.  Sophia  Fox Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Selligman,  Alfred Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Semple,  Mrs.  Patty  B  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Semple,  Miss  Ellen  C  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Shackelford,  W.  Rodes Richmond,  Kentucky. 

Shelby,  Mrs.  Susan  Hart  .  .■ Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Shelby,  Evan  New  York  City. 

Shelby,  John  T  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Sheldon,  General  H.  S Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Sheild,  Charles  H   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Shreve,  Charles  U Louisville,  Kentucky'. 

Sherley,  Honorable  Swager Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Slaughter,  Mrs.  Elvira  Miller      Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Sloss,  Stanley  E Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Smith,  Doctor  David  T Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Smith,  Clark  O Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Smith,  Rogers  M Worthington,  Kentucky. 

Smith,  Milton  H   Louisville,  Kentucky. 


i64  List   of   Members 

Smith,  Zachariah  F  Louisville,  Kentucky'. 

Smith,  Captain  S.  Calhoun Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Smyser,  Jacob  L Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Speed,  James  B Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Stege,  Miss  Lillian  E    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Steele,  John  A   Midway,  Kentucky. 

Stephenson,  Hon.  William  W.  .  .  . Harrodsburg,  Kentucky. 

Stewart,  Miss  Jessie Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Stewart,  Charles  J  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

Stites,  John  . Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Strother,  Professor  James  M  ...  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Strother,  John  C  Louisville,  Kentucky-. 

Swearingen,  Embry  L Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Sweets,  Reverend  David Shelbyvtlle,  Kentucky. 

Sweets,  Reverend  Henry  H    ....  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Taylor,  Edward  H.,  Junior    Frankfort,  Kentucky. 

Terry,  Alvah  L Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Tevis,  Robert  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Tevis,  John Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Thatcher,  Maurice  H  . Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Tharp,  Professor  Willia.m  H    ...  Louisville,  Kentuck^^ 
Thomas,  Rev.  Frank  Morehead  .  .  .Owensboro,  Kentuck^^ 

Thompson,  Mrs.  Virginia  C Washington,  D.  C. 

Thornton,  David  L    Versailles,  Kentucky. 

Thornton,  Robert  A Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Thruston,  R.  C.  Ballard   .  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Thum,  William  W    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Todd,  Honorable  George  D Louisville,  Kentuckj'. 

Todd,  Admiral  C.  C Frankfort,  Kentucky. 

ToNEY,  Honorable  Sterling  B    .    Denver,  Colorado. 


List   of   Members  165 

TowNSEND,  John  W Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Tucker,  Mrs.  Mattie  B    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Turner,  Mrs.  Eugenia    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Veech,  Richard  S St.  Matthews,  Kentucky. 

Walker,  Walter    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Wallace,  Joseph  M Danville,  Kentucky. 

Waller,  Granville  B   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Walter,  Lewis  A Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Walton,  Doctor  Claiborn  J Munfordsville,  Kentucky. 

Waltz,  Reverend  S.  S Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Ward,  Colonel  John  H Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Warren,  Eugene  C    Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Warren,  Reverend  Edward  L  .  .  Louisville,  Kentucky. 
Warthen,  Miss  Margaret  Adams  Louisville,  Kentucky. 
Wathen,  Doctor  William  H    ...  .Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Watts,  Miss  Lucy Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Watterson,  Honorable  Henry  . .  .  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Wells,  Lewis  G Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Weissinger,  Harry Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Welch,  John  Harrison Nicholasville,  Kentucky. 

Wheat,  John  L Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Wheeler,  F.  Clay Winchester,  Kentucky. 

White,  Honorable  John  D   Louisville,  Kentucky. 

WiCKLiFFE,  John  D Bardstown,  Kentucky. 

Wilhoit,  E.  B     Grayson,  Kentucky. 

Williams,  Doctor  Margaret  C  . .  .  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

WiLLSON,  Augustus  E Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Wilson,  Doctor  Dunning  S Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Wilson,  Samuel  M Lexington,  Kentucky. 

Winchester,  Honorable  Boyd     .  .Louisville,  Kentucky. 


i66  List   of   Members 

Wood,  William  F  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Wood,  Charles  Francis Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Woodruff,  Mrs.  Janie  Scott Augusta,  Georgia. 

Woods,  Reverend  Neander    Clarksville,  Tennessee. 

Woods,  Robert  E Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Woodson,  Isaac  T Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Woolfolk,  Leander  C Louisville,  Kentucky. 

WoRTHiNGTON,  DocTOR  Samuel  M  .  Versailles,  Kentucky. 

Wright,  Miss  Carrie  McL Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Yager,  Professor  Arthur Georgetown,  Kentucky. 

Yandell,  Miss  Enid New  York  City. 

Young,  Colonel  Bennett  H Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Yerkes,  Honorable  John  W Danville,  Kentucky. 

Younglove,  John  E  Bowling  Green,  Kentucky. 

YusT,  William  F Louisville,  Kentucky. 


Note. — Only  citizens  of  Kentucky  are  eligible  to  membership  in  The  Filson  Club; 
but  a  member  once  elected  does  not  lose  his  or  her  membership  by  moving  out 
of  the  State. 


LIST   OF    PUBLICATIONS 


The  Filson  Club  is  an  historical,  biographical,  and  literary 
association  located  in  Louisville,  Kentucky.  It  was  named 
after  John  Filson,  the  first  historian  of  Kentucky,  whose  quaint 
little  octavo  of  one  hundred  and  eighteen  pages  was  published 
at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  in  1784.  It  was  organized  May  15., 
1884,  and  incorporated  October  5,  1891,  for  the  purpose,  as 
expressed  in  its  charter,  of  collecting,  preserving,  and  publish- 
ing the  history  of  Kentucky  and  adjacent  States,  and  cultiva- 
ting a  taste  for  historic  inquiry  and  study  among  its  members. 
While  its  especial  field  of  operations  was  thus  theoretically 
limited,  its  practical  workings  were  confined  to  no  locality. 
Each  member  is  at  liberty  to  choose  a  subject  and  prepare  a 
paper  and  read  it  to  the  Club,  among  whose  archives  it  is  to 
be  filed.  From  the  papers  thus  accumulated  selections  are 
made  for  publication,  and  there  have  now  been  issued  twenty- 
one  volumes  or  numbers  of  these  publications.  They  are  all 
paper-bound  quartos,  printed  with  pica  old-style  type  on  pure 
white  antique  paper,  with  broad  margins,  imtrimmed  edges, 
and  halftone  illustrations.  They  have  been  admired  both  at 
home  and  abroad,  not  only  for  their  original  and  valuable 
matter,  but  also  for  their  tasteful  and  comely  appearance.  They 
are  not  printed  for  sale  in  the  commercial  sense  of  the  term, 
but  for  distribution  among  the  members  of  the  Club.  Only 
limited  editions  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  Club  are  published, 
but  any  numbers  which  may  be  left  over  after  the  members 
have  been  supplied  are  exchanged  with  other  associations  or 
sold  at  about  the  cost  of  publication.  The  following  is  a  brief 
catalogue  of  all  the  Club  publications  to  date. 


i68  List   of    Publications 

1.  John  FiLSON,  the  first  historian  of  Kentucky.  An  account 
of  his  life  and  writings,  principally  from  original  sources,  prepared 
for  The  Filson  Club  and  read  at  its  second  meeting  in  Louis- 
ville, June  26,  1884,  by  Reuben  T.  Durrett,  A.  M.,LL.  D.,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Club.  Illustrated  with  a  likeness  of  Filson,  a  fac- 
simile of  one  of  his  letters,  and  a  photo-lithographic  reproduc- 
tion of  his  map  of  Kentucky  printed  at  Philadelphia  in  1784. 
4to,  132  pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co.,  Printers,  Louisville, 
Ky.  1884. 

2.  The  Wilderness  Road:  A  description  of  the  routes  of 
travel  by  which  the  pioneers  and  early  settlers  first  came  to 
Kentucky.  Prepared  for  The  Filson  Club  by  Captain  Thomas 
Speed,  Secretary'  of  the  Club.  Illustrated  with  a  map  showing 
the  routes  of  travel.  4to,  75  pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co., 
Printers,  Louisville,  Kentucky.      1886. 

3.  The  Pioneer  Press  of  Kentucky,  from  the  printing 
of  the  first  paper  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  August  11,  1787,  to 
the  establishment  of  the  Daily  Press,  1830.  Prepared  for  The 
Filson  Club  by  A\'illiam  Henry  Perrin,  member  of  the  Club. 
Illustrated  with  facsimiles  of  pages  of  the  Kentucky  Gazette 
and  Farmer's  Librar}' ,  a  view  of  the  first  printing  house  in  Ken- 
tucky, and  likenesses  of  John  Bradford,  Shadrack  Penn,  and 
George  D.  Prentice.  4to,  93  pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co., 
Printers,  Louisville,  Kentucky.      x888. 

4.  Life  and  Times  of  Judge  Caleb  Wallace,  sometime  a 
Justice  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  the  State  of  Kentucky.  By 
the  Reverend  WilHam  H.  \\'hitsitt,  D.  D.,  member  of  The 
Filson  Club.  4to,  151  pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co.,  Printers, 
Louisville,  Kentucky.      i888. 

5.  An  Historical  Sketch  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  prepared  for  the  Semi-Centennial  Celebration, 
October  6,  1889.  By  Reuben  T.  Durrett,  A.  M.,  LL.  D.,  Presi- 
dent of  The  Filson  Club.  Illustrated  with  likenesses  of  the 
Reverend  \Mlliam  Jackson,  the  Reverend  Edmund  T.  Perkins, 
D.  D.,  and  views  of  the  church  as  first  built  in  1839  ^^d  as  it 


List    of    Publications  169 

appeared   in    1889.     4to,    90   pages.     John   P.    Morton   &   Co., 
Printers,  Louisville,  Kentucky.     1889. 

6.  The  Political  Beginnings  of  Kentucky:  A  narra- 
tive of  public  events  bearing  on  the  history  of  the  State  up  to 
the  time  of  its  admission  into  the  .'\merican  Union.  By  Colonel 
John  Mason  Brown,  member  of  The  Filson  Club.  Illustrated 
with  a  likeness  of  the  author.  4to,  263  pages.  John  P.  Morton 
&  Co.,  Printers,  Louisville,  Kentucky.     1889. 

7.  The  Centenary  of  Kentucky:  Proceedings  at  the  cele- 
bration by  The  Filson  Club,  Wednesday,  June  i,  1892,  of  the 
one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  admission  of  Kentucky  as  an 
independent  State  into  the  Federal  Union.  Prepared  for  pub- 
lication by  Reuben  T.  Durrett,  A.  M.,  LL.  D.,  President  of  The 
Filson  Club.  Illustrated  with  likenesses  of  President  Durrett, 
Major  Stanton,  Sieur  La  Salle,  and  General  George  Rogers 
Clark,  and  facsimiles  of  the  music  and  songs  of  the  Centennial 
Banquet.  4to,  200  pages.  Robert  Clarke  &  Co.,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  and  John  P.  Morton  &  Co.,  Printers,  Louisville,  Kentucky. 
1892. 

8.  The  Centenary  of  Louisville.  A  paper  read  before 
the  Southern  Historical  Association,  Saturday,  May  i,  1880, 
in  commemoration  of  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the 
beginning  of  the  city  of  Louisville  as  an  incorporated  town  under 
an  act  of  the  Virginia  Legislature.  By  Reuben  T.  Durrett, 
A.  M.,  LL.  D.,  President  of  The  Filson  Club.  Illustrated  with 
likenesses  of  Colonel  Durrett,  Sieur  La  Salle  and  General  George 
Rogers  Clark.  4to,  200  pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co. ,  Printers, 
Louisville,  Kentucky. 

9.  The  Political  Club,  Danville,  Kentucky,  1 786-1 790. 
Being  an  account  of  an  early  Kentucky  debating  society,  from 
the  original  papers  recently  found.  By  Captain  Thomas  Spe^d, 
Secretary  of  The  Filson  Club.  4to,  xii-167  pages.  John  P. 
Morton  &  Co.,  Printers,  Louisville,  Kentucky.     1894. 

10.  The  Life  and  Writings  of  Rafinesque.  Prepared  for 
The  Filson  Club  and  read  at  its  meeting  Monday,  April  2,  1894. 


170  List   of    Publications 

By  Richard  Ellsworth  Call,  M.  A.,  M.  Sc,  M.  D.,  member  of 
The  Filson  Club.  Illustrated  with  likenesses  of  Rafinesque  and 
facsimiles  of  pages  of  his  Fishes  of  the  Ohio  and  Botany  of 
Louisville.  4to,  xii-227  pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co.,  Printers, 
Louisville,  Kentucky.      1895. 

11.  Transylvania  University.  Its  origin,  rise,  decline  and 
fall.  Prepared  for  The  Filson  Club  by  Robert  Peter,  M.  D., 
and  his  daughter.  Miss  Johanna  Peter,  members  of  The  Filson 
Club.  Illustrated  with  a  likeness  of  Doctor  Peter.  4to,  202 
pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co.,  Printers,  Louisville,  Kentucky. 
1896. 

12.  Bryant's  Station  and  the  memorial  proceedings  held 
on  its  site  under  the  auspices  of  the  Lexington  Chapter  D.  A.  R., 
August  18,  1896,  in  honor  of  its  heroic  mothers  and  daughters. 
Prepared  for  publication  by  Reuben  T.  Durrett,  A.  M.,  LL.  D., 
President  of  The  Filson  Club.  Illustrated  with  likenesses  of 
officers  of  the  Lexington  Chapter  D.  A.  R.,  President  Durrett 
of  The  Filson  Club,  Major  Stanton,  Professor  Ranck,  Colonel 
Young  and  Dr.  Todd,  members  of  the  Club,  and  full-page  views 
of  Brs^ant's  Station  and  its  spring,  and  of  the  battlefield  of  the 
Blue  Licks.  4to,  xii-227  pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co.,  Printers, 
Louisville,  Kentucky.     1897. 

13.  The  First  Explor.\tions  of  Kentucky.  The  Journals 
of  Doctor  Thomas  Walker,  1750,  and  of  Colonel  Christopher 
Gist,  1 751.  Edited  by  Colonel  J.  Stoddard  Johnston,  Vice- 
President  of  The  Filson  Club.  Illustrated  with  a  map  of  Ken- 
tucky showing  the  routes  of  \\'alker  and  Gist  throughout  the 
State,  with  a  view  of  Castle  Hill,  the  residence  of  Dr.  \A'alker, 
and  a  likeness  of  Colonel  Johnston.  4to,  256  pages.  John  P. 
Morton  &  Co.,  Printers,  Louisville,  Kentucky.     1898. 

14.  The  Clay  Family.  Part  First — The  mother  of  Henry 
Clay,  by  Zachary  F.  Smith,  member  of  The  Filson  Club.  Part 
Second — ^The  Genealogy  of  the  Clays,  by  Mrs.  Mary  Rogers 
Clay,  member  of  The  Filson  Club.  Illustrated  with  a  full-page 
halftone  likeness  of  Henr>'  Clay,  of  each  of  the  authors,  and  a 


List   of    Publications 


171 


full-page  picture  of  the  Clay  coat-of-arms,  also  four  full-page 
grouped  illustrations,  each  containing  four  likenesses  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Clay  family.  4to,  vi-276  pages.  John  P.  Morton 
&  Co.,  Printers,  Louisville,  Kentucky.     1899. 

15.  The  Battle  of  Tippecanoe.  Part  First — The  Battle 
and  Battle-ground;  Part  Second — Comment  of  the  Press;  Part 
Third — Roll  of  the  Army  commanded  by  General  Harrison. 
By  Captain  Albert  Pirtle,  member  of  The  Filson  Club.  Illus- 
trated with  a  likeness  of  the  author  and  likenesses  of  William 
Henry  Harrison  and  Colonel  Joseph  Hamilton  Daveiss  and  Elks- 
watawa,  "The  Prophet,"  together  with  three  full-page  views 
and  a  plot  of  the  battle-ground.  4to,  xix-158  pages.  John  P. 
Morton  &  Co.,  Printers,  Louisville,  Kentucky.      1900. 

16.  BooNESBOROUGH,  a  pioneer  town  of  Kentucky:  Its 
origin,  progress,  decline,  and  final  extinction.  By  George  W. 
Ranck,  historian,  of  Lexington,  Kentucky,  etc.,  and  member 
of  The  Filson  Club.  Illustrated  with  copious  halftone  views  of 
its  site  and  its  fort,  with  likenesses  of  the  author  and  of  Daniel 
Boone,  and  a  picture  of  Boone's  principal  relics.  4to,  xii-286 
pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co.,  Printers,  Louisville,  Kentucky. 
1 90 1. 

17.  The  Old  Masters  of  the  Bluegrass.  By  General 
Samuel  W.  Price,  member  of  The  Filson  Club.  Consisting  of 
biographic  sketches  of  the  distinguished  Kentucky  artists,  Mat- 
thew H.  Jouett,  Joseph  H.  Bush,  John  Grimes,  Oliver  Frazer, 
Louis  Morgan,  Joel  T.  Hart,  and  Samuel  \V.  Price,  with  half- 
tone likenesses  of  the  artists  and  specimens  of  their  work.  4to, 
xiii-i8i  pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co.,  Printers,  Louisville, 
Kentucky.      1902. 

18.  The  Battle  of  the  Thames.  By  Colonel  Bennett  H. 
Young,  member  of  The  Filson  Club.  Presenting  a  review  of  the 
causes  which  led  to  the  battle,  the  preparations  made  for  it,  the 
scene  of  the  conflict,  and  the  victory.  Illustrated  with  a  steel 
engraving  of  the  author,  halftone  likenesses  of  the  principal 
actors  and  scenes  and  relics  from  the  battlefield.     To  which  is 


172  List    of    Publications 

added  an  appendix  containing  a  list  of  the  officers  and  privates 
engaged.  4to,  288  pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co.,  Printers, 
Louisville,  Kentucky.     1903. 

19.  The  Battle  of  New  Orleans.  By  Zachar>^  F.  Smith, 
member  of  The  Filson  Club.  Presenting  a  full  accoimt  of  the 
forces  engaged,  the  preparations  made,  the  preliminary^  conflicts 
which  led  up  to  the  final  battle  and  the  victory-  to  the  Americans 
on  the  8th  of  Januarj^  181 5.  Illustrated  with  full-page  likenesses 
of  the  author,  of  Generals  Jackson  and  Adair,  of  Governors  Shelby 
and  Slaughter,  and  maps  of  the  countr\^  and  scenes  from  the 
battlefield,  to  which  is  added  a  list  of  Kentuckians  in  the  battle. 
4to,  224  pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co.,  Printers,  Louisville, 
Kentucky.     1904. 

20.  The  History  of  the  Medical  Department  of  Tran- 
sylvania University.  By  Dr.  Robert  Peter,  deceased.  Pre- 
pared for  publication  by  his  daughter,  Miss  Johanna  Peter, 
member  of  The  Filson  Club.  Illustrated  with  full-page  likenesses 
of  the  author  and  principal  professors,  and  a  view  of  the  old 
medical  hall  and  its  janitor.  4to,  205  pages.  John  P.  Morton 
&  Co.,  Printers,  Lo-aisville,  Kentucky.     1905. 

21.  Lopez's  Expeditions  to  Cuba.  By  A.  C.  Ouisenberry, 
member  of  The  Filson  Club.  Presenting  a  detailed  account  of 
the  Cardenas  and  the  Bahia  Honda  expeditions,  with  the  names 
of  the  officers  and  men,  as  far  as  ascertainable,  who  were  engaged 
in  them.  Illustrated  with  full-page  likenesses  of  A.  C.  Quisen- 
berry  the  author.  General  Narciso  Lopez  commander-in-cliief. 
Colonel  John  T.  Pickett,  Colonel  Theodore  O'Hara,  Colonel 
Thomas  T.  Hawkins,  Colonel  William  Logan  Crittenden,  Captain 
Robert  H.  Breckenridge,  Lieutenant  John  Carl  Johnston,  and 
landscape  views  of  Cuba,  Rose  Hill,  Moro  Castle,  and  a  common 
human  bone-heap  of  a  Cuban  cemetery-.  In  the  appendix, 
besides  other  valuable  matter,  will  be  found  a  full  list  of  The 
Filson  Club  publications  and  of  the  members  of  the  Club.  4to, 
172  pages.  John  P.  Morton  &  Co.,  Printers,  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky.   1906. 


